neuro Flashcards
What is the acronym for association areas?
PIC BMw s3 AMMI
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
What are the Frontal Association area’s features?
PIC BMw Personality Intelligence Cognitive function behaviour Mood
What are the Parietal Association area’s features?
S3
spatial skills
3D recognition- shapes, faces, written word, concepts, abstract perception
What are the temporal association area’s features?
AMMI Anger Mood Memory Intelligence
Is Wernicke’s area active or passive?
Active
as it is translating words into thoughts
What is the role of your frontal eye fields?
voluntary scanning movements
What is ataxia?
disorder in muscle co-ordination due to damage to the cerebellum
What happens if you have a Wernicke’s aphasia?
cant understand
cant arrange words in a coherent fashion
sensory/fluent aphasia
What happens if you have an arcuate fasiculus aphasia?
separates input from out put
reply will be unrelated even though you still understand
conduction or fluent aphasia
What is some of the geometry of the brain?
asymmetrical
left bigger
Left lateral fissure is more prominent on left side
What are the features of the non-dominant hemisphere?
non-verbal (body) language (90%) emotional expression (language) spatial skills (3D)(shape of objects) conceptual understanding artistic and musical skills- therefore someone can sing but not talk
What happens when you have a right hemisphere injury?
Lack of non-verbal (body) language speech lacks emotion Spatial disorientation inability to recognise familiar objects loss of musical appreciation
What happens with the first cranial nerve?
ventral root only
What is the grouping of the spinal nerves?
Cervical- 8 Thoracic- 12 Lumbar- 5 Sacral- 5 Coccygeal- 1
What is the accuracy of an encapsulated receptor?
1mm
What is the accuracy of a non-encapsulated receptor?
0.5 cm
What are the pain receptors called?
nocireceptors
What is your largest nerve in your spine?
LMN
What is the function of CSF by suspending nervous tissue?
hydraulic cushion
shock absorber
weightless environment
What produces CSF?
choroid plexus
What are the protective structures of the spine?
fat
connective tissue
vertebrae’s intervertebral discs as a shock absorber
Meninges
CSF- subarachnoid space and central canal, produced by choroid plexus
What are the protective structures of the brain?
skull
cranial meninges
CSF - in the ventricle and subarachnoid space - produced by the choroid plexus
From where down is quadriplegia?
C1-C3
From where down is paraplegia?
T1
What is the root?
2x bundles of axons, which connect each spinal nerve to an area on the spinal cord
What is a horn?
subdivided region of gray matter on either side of the spinal cord
What is sensory modulation?
at each synapse information can be suppresses or highlighted
fibres can come down and modify the information that reaches the sensory cortex
Modify at each level, via sensory modulation, where you selectively pick out what you want to hear
What is the discriminative pathway?
- Primary root afferents
- dorsal/posterior column
- gracile/cuneate nucleus (of dorsal column)
- Medial lumniscus (millions of fibres)
- Ventro-Posterior Thalamus
- Internal capsule
- primary somatosensory cortex corresponding to area on the motor homunculus (according to its somatotopical arrangement)
What is the non-discriminative pathway?
- Primary root afferents
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Dorsal gray horn (dorsal most part)
- Lateral spinothalamic tract
- Ventro-Posterior thalamus
- Internal capsule
- primary somatosensory cortex, corresponding area on the motor homunculus (according to somatotopical arrangement)
What is a homunculus?
representation of body on cortexes
What is the motor homunculus representative of?
the complexity/dexterity and precision of the movememnt
What is the sensory homunculus representative of?
the number of specialised receptors within the body part
high number in fingertips, lips) (small trunk and abdomen
What is the Upper Motor Neuron?
critical for highly specialised movement
Large pyramidal cell
provides precise voluntary movements
internal capsule –> crus cerebri medulla –> smaller fasicles in PONS –> regather discrete pathway as ventral bulges(pyramids)
Where do motor neurons in the lateral corticospinal tract go to?
distal muscles of the limb
precise, agile, highly skilled movement
(decussate at the medulla)
Where do the motor neurons in the ventral cortico-spinal tract go to?
proximal muscles of the limb and axial skeleton
responsible for co-ordinating movement
(decussate at the spinal cord/AWC level)
What is in the dorsal/posterior horn?
- cell bodies and axons of interneurons
2. AXONS of incoming disriminative and non-discimative sensory neurons (cell bodyin the ganglion)
Waht is the difference between VP and VAVL nucleus Thalamus?
VP sensory input from Second order neuron
VAVL motor out put from BOTH cerebellum and basal ganglia
Where is the substantia niagra located?
in the Midbrain
Snc is more dense (Snr is relatively dispersed)
What are the clinical implications for spastic paralysis?
increased reflexes
decreased ability to have precise voluntary movements
increased rigidity and tone
hypersensitive LM (spasms occur)
What are the clinical implications of a flaccid paralysis?
POLIO VIRUS No reflexes No movement decreased tone disuse atrophy
What are the four new cell replacement/transplantation therapies?
immature (fetal neurons) genetically engineered/cultured embryonic stem cells adult stem cells (SV2) \+ gene therapy (viral vectors)
