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Medsci Exam > cardio > Flashcards

cardio Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of blood is found in the systemic system?

A

84%

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2
Q

What percentage is found in the pulmonary system?

A

9%

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3
Q

How does an action potential propagate through an atria?

A

through gap junctions in the intercalated discs of atrial muscle fibres

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4
Q

what is the speed of the first stage of the cardiac action potential?

A

slow 0.5 m/s

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5
Q

Why does the rate of ejection slow down during ventricular systole?

A

as the myocytes begin to run out of strength/ ability to shorten in the ventricle

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6
Q

Which blood vessel has the highest compliance?

A

elastic arteries

therefore lowest elastance

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7
Q

what is another name for elastic arteries?

A

conducting arteries

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8
Q

What is the size of an elastic artery?

A

more than 1cm

finger size

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9
Q

What is the function of elastic arteries?

A

store bolus of blood during ejection
SMOOTHEN OUT the pulsatile flow of blood from the ventricle
push blood out into the arterial tree via Elastic Recoil

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10
Q

What distance after the heart do elastic arteries go for?

A

first 15 cm

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11
Q

How many sheets of elastic fibres in tunica media can be found in elastic arteries?

A

up to 50

+ a few smooth muscle fibres

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12
Q

What are the most abundant arteries?

A

muscular arteries

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13
Q

What is the size of muscular arteries?

A

pencil –> pin

10mm –> 1 mm

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14
Q

Where are the tunica’s most distinct?

A

muscular arteries

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15
Q

What is in the tunica externa of muscular arteries?

A

elastic and collagen fibres

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16
Q

What is in the tunica media of muscular arteries?

A

smooth muscular 3-40 sheets
connective tissue
elastic fibres

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17
Q

What is located within the tunica interna / intima?

A 
inner elastic lamina (thin sheet of elastic fibres)
basement membrane (physical support)
endothelium
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18
Q

How many sheets of smooth muscle are in muscular arteries?

A

3-40 sheets

hence 10mm –> 1mm diameter

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19
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries?

A

bulk flow
bulk tuning
distributes blood around the body at high pressure

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20
Q

Where is the site of final fine tuning?

A

arterioles

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21
Q

What is the thickness of arterioles?

A

100 microns - 10 microns

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22
Q

Besides normal what is the function of arterioles?

A

to protect capillaries

impact TPR and mabp

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23
Q

How many sheets of smooth muscle are in arterioles?

A

3-1 of circular smooth muscle

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24
Q

What causes edema?

A

when the rate of filtration is larger than the rate of reabsoprtion
leads to swollen tissue
lower limbs when standing too long

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25
Q

What are capillaries made out of?

A

single endothelial cell layer
External BM
NO SM NO CT

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26
Q

What is the function of venules?

A

site where WBC leave during inflammation and infections- leave to attack pathogen in connective tissue alongside them
WBC (neutrophils) stick to side of vessel due to slow flow
small venules= single layer endothelium and CT (CT + capillary)
large venule= single layer of smooth muscle

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27
Q

What is a small venule made out of?

A

single layer endothelium + CT

capillary + CT

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28
Q

What is a large venule made out of?

A

Single layer of Smooth muscle

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29
Q

What is the breakdown of blood in the systemic circuit?

A 
84% in total systemic circuit
-
64% in systemic veins and venules (reservoir)
13% in systemic arteries and arterioles
7% systemic capillaries
\+ 
7% heart
9% pulmonary circulation
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30
Q

What is the compliance of vein walls?

A

very compliant

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31
Q

What is the structure and function of veins?

A

similar to muscular arteries but with just a lot less muscle and connective tissue
-venous pump aiding venous return back up to the heart

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32
Q

What does the left artery do and how many branches?

A

Two branches

supplies front and left of the heart

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33
Q

What does the right artery do and how many branches?

A

one branch

supplied right and back of the heart

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34
Q

What are anastomes?

A

coronary artery-to artery junctions

between small penetrating branches of main coronary arteries

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35
Q

What are the artery to artery junctions between small penetrating branches of main coronary arteries?

A

anastomes

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36
Q

What can ischemia cause?

A

angina

-due to death of the tissue and pain in breathing

37
Q

What can cause angina?

38
Q

What can severe angina cause?

A

death/infarction of LOCAL area of myocardium

39
Q

What is the advantageous function of anastomes?

A

they can widen when there is a local ischaemic region, allowing the ischaemic region to recieve blood supply from DISTANT ARTerioles

40
Q

What happens to distant arterioles when there is angina in the coronary arteries?

A

anastomes widen and this allows areas with ischaemia due to a diseased coronary artery to receive blood from DISTANT ARTIERIES

41
Q

What is a thrombosis?

A

a broken free blood clot

42
Q

What is a broken free blood clot called?

A

thrombosis

43
Q

What do you measure to get blood pressure?

A

brachial (arm) artery

44
Q

What is the units for cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood that is ejected into the aorta per minute
Lmin-1

45
Q

What is venous return?

A

the quantity of blood returning to the heart from the vasculature per minute
Lmin-1

46
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the quantity of blood that is pumped into the aorta EACH CONTRACTION
mL/beat
EDV-ESV

47
Q

What is heart rate?

A

the number of beats per minute

bpm

48
Q

Why does the kidney receive such a large portion of cardiac output?

A

20-25% of CO at rest
1L of blood through kidney alone
allows the filtering of waste and CO2 out of the blood stream to be rapid

49
Q

What is CO at rest?

A

75 bpm x 70mL

5.25L

50
Q

What is CO after exercise?

A

150 bpm x 130 mL

19.5

51
Q

What is the relationship between myocardial infarction and cardiac reserve?

A

decreased cardiac reserve
decreased ability to increase CO upon exercise
demand of tissues increased, but DECREASED ABILITY TO SUPPLY
decreased CO
can lead to heart failure

52
Q

What is an average person’s cardiac reserve?

A

4-6x CO at rest

53
Q

What is a fit person’s cardiac reserve?

A

7-8x CO at rest

54
Q

What is the max HR?

A

180-200 bpm

55
Q

What is the max SV?

56
Q

What is the key word for preload?

A

STRETCH
stretching myocytes augments/stimulates the AMOUNT OF CROSS BRIDGE FORMATION
increased EDV

57
Q

What is the key word for contractility?

A

forcefulness
the forcefullness at which the ventricle squeezes down on the volume of blood
starlings law of the heart
decreased ESV
inotropic agents- positive can increase Ca2+ inflow

58
Q

What are inotropic agents related too?

A

contractility

59
Q

What does a negative inotropic agent do?

A

K+

decreases HR and decreases contractile force

60
Q

What must happen with after load?

A

aortic/arterial blood pressure must be exceeded

61
Q

What is the intrinsic regulation of the heart?

A

degree of stretch of the myocardial fibre at the end of diastole

62
Q

What is the extrinsic regulation of the heart?

A

autonomic nervous system activity

circulating levels of hormones

63
Q

What type or regulation is hormone levels?

A

extrinsic regulation

64
Q

what type of regulation is the autonomic nervous system?

A

extrinsic regulation

65
Q

What type of regulation is the length of cardiac muscle fibres at the end of diastole?

A

intrinsic regulation

66
Q

What does the frank starling law of the heart ensure?

A

prevents damming of the heart
ensures output = input
-the energy of contraction is a function of the initial length of the myocardial fibres (sarcomere length causes force generation)

67
Q

How do you count EF?

A

cardiac echoes

68
Q

What two things determine blood flow?

A

going –> pressure difference (Gradient)

resistance

69
Q

What is the equation for BP?

70
Q

Does BP ever fall to zero?

A

No because of the vasculature

71
Q

What are the three factors affecting resistance?

A

radius - inverse relationship
blood viscosity - directly proportional relationship
vessel length - directly proportional relationship

72
Q

What is the law which talks about resistance?

A

pousille’s law; 8nL/pixr^4

73
Q

Is oxygen a vasoconstrictor or a vasodilator?

A

O2 is a vasoCONSTRICTor

74
Q

Is carbon dioxide a vasodilator or a vasoconstrictor?

A

vasoDilator

75
Q

What is an example of a hormonal factor that is a vasoconstrictor?

A

Angiotensin II

-focus of drug therapy to decrease it’s levels

76
Q

What are the four factors affecting vascular tone?

A

sympathetic nerve activity
hormonal factors
metabolites
intrinsic factors (NO)

77
Q

What is Angiotensin II in relation to the heart?

A

hormonal factor which affects vascular tone
vaso constrictor
target to reduced angiotensin II levels in high BP patients

78
Q

What is an intrinsic factor which regulates vascular tone?

A

Nitrous Oxide

vasoDILATOR

79
Q

What are the three higher brain centres?

A

cerebral cortex
limbic system
hypothalamus

80
Q

What is the function of chemo receptors?

A

monitors blood acidity

CO2, O2 and H+

81
Q

What are the two outputs by the sympathetic nervous system?

A

vasomotor nerves

cardiac accelerator nerves

82
Q

What is the relationship between cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreceptors?

A

cardio pulmonary receptors are relatively more sensitive to changes in blood volume
When there is a 1L loss of blood volume it will be primarily sensed be the cardiopulmonary receptors.
But since this is such a significant loss, it will lead to a decent drop in systemic blood PRESSURE which will be sensed by the arterial baroreceptors (hence pressure)
they will work together in a symbiotic relationship

83
Q

What is feeling faint/light headed an example of?

A

decreased blood pressure

84
Q

What is the order of sympathetic nerve and neurotransmitter release to smooth muscle?

A

cholinergic -> nicotinic receptor (ACh) –> adrenergic –> adrenergic receptor (NE and E) –> smooth muscle, glands, cardiac

85
Q

What is the order of sympathetic nerve and neurotransmitter release to sweat glands?

A

cholinergic –> nicotinic receptors (ACh) –> muscarinic –> muscarinic receptors (ACh) –> sweat glands

86
Q

What is the order of para sympathetic nerve and neurotransmitter release to smooth muscle?

A

cholinergic –> nicotinic (ACh) –> muscarinic –> muscarinic receptors (ACh) –> smooth muscle, cardiac, glands

87
Q

What 3x areas of the body does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A

smooth
cardiac
glands

88
Q

What happens after a decrease in blood pressure?

A

decreased STRETCH of baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus
–>
decreased firing of baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid sinus
–>
sensory neurons
–>
cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata
–>
increased stimulation/output of sympathetic nerve (NE and E) and decreased stimulation/output of parasympathetic nerve (ACh)

89
Q

On average what is MABP?

Medsci Exam (4 decks)

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