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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Which nucleus of hypothalamus is considered the “master clock” for most of our circadian rhythm?

A

suprachiasmic nucleus

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2
Q

which hypothalamic nucleus regulates the parasympathetic NS?

A

anterior and pre-optic nuclei

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3
Q

Destruction of which hypothal nucleus results in hyperthermia?

A

anterior and pre-optic nuclei

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4
Q

which hypoth nuclues regulates sympathetic NS and shivering/decreased cutaneous blood flow in the cold?

A

posterior/lateral nuclei

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5
Q

which hypothal nucleus produces antidiuretic hormone to regulate water balance?

A

supra-optic nucleus

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6
Q

Which hypoth nucleus mediates oxytocin production?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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7
Q

which hypothalamic nucleus receives input from retina?

A

suprachiasmic nucleus

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8
Q

which hypoth nucleus is responsible for savage behavior and obesity when stimulated?

A

dorsal medial nucleus

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9
Q

Which hypothal nucleus results in savage behavior and obesity when destroyed?

A

ventromedial nucleus

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10
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus is involved in eating when stimulated and starvation when destroyed?

A

lateral nucleus

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11
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones (LH, FSH)?

A

pre-optic nucleus

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12
Q

What nucleus of hypothalamus releases hormones affecting anterior pituitary?

A

arcuate nucleus

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13
Q

what part of thalamus relays somatosensory information from body (via medial lemniscus and spinothalamic)?

A

VPL

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14
Q

which part of thal communicates with prefrontal cortex; memory loss if destroyed?

A

MD

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15
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from cerebellum (dentate nucleus) and basal ganglia to the motor cortex?

A

VL

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16
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from trigeminothalamic and taste pathways to somatosensory cortex?

A

VPM

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17
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from retina to occipital lobe?

A

LGN

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18
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from basal ganglia to pre-frontal, pre-motor, and orbital cortices?

A

VA

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19
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from mamillothalamic tract to cingulate gyrus?

A

Anterior nucleus

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20
Q

Which part of thal integrates visual, auditory, somesthetic input?

A

Pulvinar

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21
Q

Which part of thal sends auditory info from brachium of inferior colliculus to primary auditory cortex?

A

MGN

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22
Q

which NS cell looks like fried eggs under histologic staining?

A

oligodendroglia

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23
Q

which NS cell forms multinucleated giant cells in CNS when infected with HIV?

A

microglia

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24
Q

Which NS cell myelinates multiple CNS axons?

A

oligodendroglia

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25
Which NS cell myelinates one PNS axon?
schwann cell
26
which NS cell is damaged in Guillain-Barre syndrome?
Schwann cell
27
Which NS cell is damaged in multiple sclerosis?
Oligodendroglia
28
Which NS cells are macrophages if CNS?
microglia
29
When cells make up the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
30
What does a lesion to the subthalamic nucleus cause?
contralateral hemiballismus
31
A lesion to which are causes eyes to look toward the side of the lesion?
frontal eye fields
32
Eyes look away from side of lesion?
PPRF lesion
33
What causes paralysis of upward gaze?
superior colliculus lesion
34
What does a lesion to the right parietal lobe (nondominant) cause?
hemispatial neglect syndrome
35
What kind of lesion can lead to coma?
reticular activating system
36
What lesion causes poor repetition?
conduction aphasia - arcuate fascicula
37
What lesions causes poor comprehension?
Wernicke's area lesion
38
What does alesion to Broca's area cause?
poor vocal expression
39
What causes a resting tremor?
lesion to substantia nigra (basal ganglia) pars compacta
40
What lesion causes an intention tremor?
cerebellar hemisphere (ipsilateral)
41
What lesion causes hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior?
amygdala lesion
42
Personality changes?
frontal lobe lesion
43
Dysarthria?
cerebellar vermis
44
What causes agraphia, acalculia?
Gerstmann's - left parietal lobe lesion (dominant hem)
45
What causes Weber's syndrome and what are the sxs?
Midbrain infarction from occulsion of posterior cerebral artery. Sxs: cerebral peduncle lesion --> contralateral spastic paralysis; oculomotor nerve palsy --> ipsilateral ptosis, pupillary dilation, lateral strabismus (eye looks down and out)
46
What causes medial medullary syndrome?
Occulsion of anterior spinal artery - contralateral spastic hemiparesis (from pyramid/corticospinal tract damage) - contralateral tactile and kinesthetic defects (from medial lemniscus damage) - tongue deviates towards side of lesion (from hypoglossal nucleus/nerve damage) - Pain and temperature PRESERVED
47
Wallenberg (lateral medullary) syndrome?
Caused by occlusion of PICA - Contralateral loss of pain and temp over body (spinothalamic tract) - Ipsilateral loss of facial pain and temp (trigeminothalamic tract) - Hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, loss of gag reflex (nucleus ambiguous- CN 9,10 damage) - Ipsilateral Horner's syndrome (descending sympathetic tract) - vertigo, nystagmus, nausea/vomiting (vestibular nuclear damage) - ipsilateral cerebellar deficits
48
Medial inferior pontine syndrome?
occlusion of basilar artyer --> unilateral infarct of medial aspect of inferior pons - contralateral spastic hemiparesis (corticospinal tract damage) - contralateral loss of light touch/vibratory/kinesthetic sensation (medial lemniscus damage) - paralysis of gaze to side of lesion (pontine gaze center, PPRF) - ipsilateral paralysis of lateral rectus muscle (abducens nerve damage) - Pain and temp PRESERVED -
49
Lateral inferior pontine syndrome?
Occlusion of AICA - ipsilateral facial nerve paralysis - ipsilateral loss of taste from anterior 2/3 tongue - ipsilateral deafness and tinnitus (cochlear nucleus and nerve fiber damage) - nystagmus, vertigo, nausea/vomiting (vestibular nucleus and nerve fiber damage) - ipsilateral limb and gait ataxia (cerebellar peduncles) - ipsilateral loss of pain and temperate sensation from face - contralateral loss of pain and temp sesnsation - ipsilateral horner's syndrome
50
classic presentation of syringomyelia? What malformation is it associated with?
Bilateral pain and temperature loss (cape-like distribution) Chiari 1 and 2
51
Brown Sequard syndrome presentation?
- Ipsilateral UMN signs below lesion - ipsilateral loss of tactile, proprioception (dorsal column) below lesion - LMN signs at level of lesion - contralateral pain and temperature loss below lesion
52
If tongue deviates TOWARD side of lesion, what is damaged?
hyperglossal nerve/nuclei = LMN lesion
53
If tongue deviates AWAY from lesion, what is damaged?
motor cortex = UMN lesion
54
Which primary brain tumor has pseudopalisading necrosis?
glioblastoma multiforme
55
Tumor associated with Polycythemia
Hemangioblastoma
56
tumor associated with neurofibromatosis II
schwannoma
57
tumor associated with von-Hippel Lindau syndrome, foamy cells, high vascularity
hemangioblastoma
58
Prolactinemia --> galactorrhea, amenorrhea, anovulation
pituitary adenoma/prolactinoma
59
Brain Tumor with Psammoma bodies
meningioma
60
Tumor showing fried-egg appearance
oligodendrioma
61
tumor with perivascular pseudorosettes
ependyoma
62
tumor with bitemporal hemianopia
pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma
63
Worst prognosis of any primar brain tumor (< 6 month survival)
glioblastoma multiforme
64
Child with hydrocephalus is likely to have which primary brain tumor?
Ependyoma
65
tumor showing Homer-Wright pseudorosettes
medulloblastoma
66
What are the 4 most common brain tumors in adults
Metastases, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, schwannoma (mostly supratentorial)
67
What are the 3 most common brain tumors in children?
pilocytic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependyoma (mostly infratentorial)
68
A patient with vertigo + nystagmus + hearing loss is likely to have what disease?
Meniere's disease

DIT High Yield Stuff (7 decks)

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