Neuro Flashcards
Which nucleus of hypothalamus is considered the “master clock” for most of our circadian rhythm?
suprachiasmic nucleus
which hypothalamic nucleus regulates the parasympathetic NS?
anterior and pre-optic nuclei
Destruction of which hypothal nucleus results in hyperthermia?
anterior and pre-optic nuclei
which hypoth nuclues regulates sympathetic NS and shivering/decreased cutaneous blood flow in the cold?
posterior/lateral nuclei
which hypothal nucleus produces antidiuretic hormone to regulate water balance?
supra-optic nucleus
Which hypoth nucleus mediates oxytocin production?
paraventricular nucleus
which hypothalamic nucleus receives input from retina?
suprachiasmic nucleus
which hypoth nucleus is responsible for savage behavior and obesity when stimulated?
dorsal medial nucleus
Which hypothal nucleus results in savage behavior and obesity when destroyed?
ventromedial nucleus
Which hypothalamic nucleus is involved in eating when stimulated and starvation when destroyed?
lateral nucleus
Which hypothalamic nucleus regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones (LH, FSH)?
pre-optic nucleus
What nucleus of hypothalamus releases hormones affecting anterior pituitary?
arcuate nucleus
what part of thalamus relays somatosensory information from body (via medial lemniscus and spinothalamic)?
VPL
which part of thal communicates with prefrontal cortex; memory loss if destroyed?
MD
Which part of thalamus relays info from cerebellum (dentate nucleus) and basal ganglia to the motor cortex?
VL
Which part of thalamus relays info from trigeminothalamic and taste pathways to somatosensory cortex?
VPM
Which part of thalamus relays info from retina to occipital lobe?
LGN
Which part of thalamus relays info from basal ganglia to pre-frontal, pre-motor, and orbital cortices?
VA
Which part of thalamus relays info from mamillothalamic tract to cingulate gyrus?
Anterior nucleus
Which part of thal integrates visual, auditory, somesthetic input?
Pulvinar
Which part of thal sends auditory info from brachium of inferior colliculus to primary auditory cortex?
MGN
which NS cell looks like fried eggs under histologic staining?
oligodendroglia
which NS cell forms multinucleated giant cells in CNS when infected with HIV?
microglia
Which NS cell myelinates multiple CNS axons?
oligodendroglia
Which NS cell myelinates one PNS axon?
schwann cell
which NS cell is damaged in Guillain-Barre syndrome?
Schwann cell
Which NS cell is damaged in multiple sclerosis?
Oligodendroglia
Which NS cells are macrophages if CNS?
microglia
When cells make up the blood brain barrier?
astrocytes
What does a lesion to the subthalamic nucleus cause?
contralateral hemiballismus
A lesion to which are causes eyes to look toward the side of the lesion?
frontal eye fields
Eyes look away from side of lesion?
PPRF lesion
What causes paralysis of upward gaze?
superior colliculus lesion
What does a lesion to the right parietal lobe (nondominant) cause?
hemispatial neglect syndrome
What kind of lesion can lead to coma?
reticular activating system
What lesion causes poor repetition?
conduction aphasia - arcuate fascicula
What lesions causes poor comprehension?
Wernicke’s area lesion
What does alesion to Broca’s area cause?
poor vocal expression
What causes a resting tremor?
lesion to substantia nigra (basal ganglia) pars compacta
What lesion causes an intention tremor?
cerebellar hemisphere (ipsilateral)
What lesion causes hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior?
amygdala lesion
Personality changes?
frontal lobe lesion
Dysarthria?
cerebellar vermis
What causes agraphia, acalculia?
Gerstmann’s - left parietal lobe lesion (dominant hem)
What causes Weber’s syndrome and what are the sxs?
Midbrain infarction from occulsion of posterior cerebral artery.
Sxs: cerebral peduncle lesion –> contralateral spastic paralysis;
oculomotor nerve palsy –> ipsilateral ptosis, pupillary dilation, lateral strabismus (eye looks down and out)
What causes medial medullary syndrome?
Occulsion of anterior spinal artery
- contralateral spastic hemiparesis (from pyramid/corticospinal tract damage)
- contralateral tactile and kinesthetic defects (from medial lemniscus damage)
- tongue deviates towards side of lesion (from hypoglossal nucleus/nerve damage)
- Pain and temperature PRESERVED
Wallenberg (lateral medullary) syndrome?
Caused by occlusion of PICA
- Contralateral loss of pain and temp over body (spinothalamic tract)
- Ipsilateral loss of facial pain and temp (trigeminothalamic tract)
- Hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, loss of gag reflex (nucleus ambiguous- CN 9,10 damage)
- Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome (descending sympathetic tract)
- vertigo, nystagmus, nausea/vomiting (vestibular nuclear damage)
- ipsilateral cerebellar deficits
Medial inferior pontine syndrome?
occlusion of basilar artyer –> unilateral infarct of medial aspect of inferior pons
- contralateral spastic hemiparesis (corticospinal tract damage)
- contralateral loss of light touch/vibratory/kinesthetic sensation (medial lemniscus damage)
- paralysis of gaze to side of lesion (pontine gaze center, PPRF)
- ipsilateral paralysis of lateral rectus muscle (abducens nerve damage)
- ## Pain and temp PRESERVED
Lateral inferior pontine syndrome?
Occlusion of AICA
- ipsilateral facial nerve paralysis
- ipsilateral loss of taste from anterior 2/3 tongue
- ipsilateral deafness and tinnitus (cochlear nucleus and nerve fiber damage)
- nystagmus, vertigo, nausea/vomiting (vestibular nucleus and nerve fiber damage)
- ipsilateral limb and gait ataxia (cerebellar peduncles)
- ipsilateral loss of pain and temperate sensation from face
- contralateral loss of pain and temp sesnsation
- ipsilateral horner’s syndrome
classic presentation of syringomyelia? What malformation is it associated with?
Bilateral pain and temperature loss (cape-like distribution)
Chiari 1 and 2
Brown Sequard syndrome presentation?
- Ipsilateral UMN signs below lesion
- ipsilateral loss of tactile, proprioception (dorsal column) below lesion
- LMN signs at level of lesion
- contralateral pain and temperature loss below lesion
If tongue deviates TOWARD side of lesion, what is damaged?
hyperglossal nerve/nuclei = LMN lesion
If tongue deviates AWAY from lesion, what is damaged?
motor cortex = UMN lesion
Which primary brain tumor has pseudopalisading necrosis?
glioblastoma multiforme
Tumor associated with Polycythemia
Hemangioblastoma
tumor associated with neurofibromatosis II
schwannoma
tumor associated with von-Hippel Lindau syndrome, foamy cells, high vascularity
hemangioblastoma
Prolactinemia –> galactorrhea, amenorrhea, anovulation
pituitary adenoma/prolactinoma
Brain Tumor with Psammoma bodies
meningioma
Tumor showing fried-egg appearance
oligodendrioma
tumor with perivascular pseudorosettes
ependyoma
tumor with bitemporal hemianopia
pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma
Worst prognosis of any primar brain tumor (< 6 month survival)
glioblastoma multiforme
Child with hydrocephalus is likely to have which primary brain tumor?
Ependyoma
tumor showing Homer-Wright pseudorosettes
medulloblastoma
What are the 4 most common brain tumors in adults
Metastases, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, schwannoma (mostly supratentorial)
What are the 3 most common brain tumors in children?
pilocytic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependyoma (mostly infratentorial)
A patient with vertigo + nystagmus + hearing loss is likely to have what disease?
Meniere’s disease
