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DIT High Yield Stuff > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Which nucleus of hypothalamus is considered the “master clock” for most of our circadian rhythm?

A

suprachiasmic nucleus

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2
Q

which hypothalamic nucleus regulates the parasympathetic NS?

A

anterior and pre-optic nuclei

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3
Q

Destruction of which hypothal nucleus results in hyperthermia?

A

anterior and pre-optic nuclei

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4
Q

which hypoth nuclues regulates sympathetic NS and shivering/decreased cutaneous blood flow in the cold?

A

posterior/lateral nuclei

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5
Q

which hypothal nucleus produces antidiuretic hormone to regulate water balance?

A

supra-optic nucleus

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6
Q

Which hypoth nucleus mediates oxytocin production?

A

paraventricular nucleus

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7
Q

which hypothalamic nucleus receives input from retina?

A

suprachiasmic nucleus

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8
Q

which hypoth nucleus is responsible for savage behavior and obesity when stimulated?

A

dorsal medial nucleus

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9
Q

Which hypothal nucleus results in savage behavior and obesity when destroyed?

A

ventromedial nucleus

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10
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus is involved in eating when stimulated and starvation when destroyed?

A

lateral nucleus

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11
Q

Which hypothalamic nucleus regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones (LH, FSH)?

A

pre-optic nucleus

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12
Q

What nucleus of hypothalamus releases hormones affecting anterior pituitary?

A

arcuate nucleus

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13
Q

what part of thalamus relays somatosensory information from body (via medial lemniscus and spinothalamic)?

A

VPL

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14
Q

which part of thal communicates with prefrontal cortex; memory loss if destroyed?

A

MD

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15
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from cerebellum (dentate nucleus) and basal ganglia to the motor cortex?

A

VL

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16
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from trigeminothalamic and taste pathways to somatosensory cortex?

A

VPM

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17
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from retina to occipital lobe?

A

LGN

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18
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from basal ganglia to pre-frontal, pre-motor, and orbital cortices?

A

VA

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19
Q

Which part of thalamus relays info from mamillothalamic tract to cingulate gyrus?

A

Anterior nucleus

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20
Q

Which part of thal integrates visual, auditory, somesthetic input?

A

Pulvinar

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21
Q

Which part of thal sends auditory info from brachium of inferior colliculus to primary auditory cortex?

A

MGN

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22
Q

which NS cell looks like fried eggs under histologic staining?

A

oligodendroglia

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23
Q

which NS cell forms multinucleated giant cells in CNS when infected with HIV?

A

microglia

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24
Q

Which NS cell myelinates multiple CNS axons?

A

oligodendroglia

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25
Q

Which NS cell myelinates one PNS axon?

A

schwann cell

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26
Q

which NS cell is damaged in Guillain-Barre syndrome?

A

Schwann cell

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27
Q

Which NS cell is damaged in multiple sclerosis?

A

Oligodendroglia

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28
Q

Which NS cells are macrophages if CNS?

A

microglia

29
Q

When cells make up the blood brain barrier?

A

astrocytes

30
Q

What does a lesion to the subthalamic nucleus cause?

A

contralateral hemiballismus

31
Q

A lesion to which are causes eyes to look toward the side of the lesion?

A

frontal eye fields

32
Q

Eyes look away from side of lesion?

A

PPRF lesion

33
Q

What causes paralysis of upward gaze?

A

superior colliculus lesion

34
Q

What does a lesion to the right parietal lobe (nondominant) cause?

A

hemispatial neglect syndrome

35
Q

What kind of lesion can lead to coma?

A

reticular activating system

36
Q

What lesion causes poor repetition?

A

conduction aphasia - arcuate fascicula

37
Q

What lesions causes poor comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area lesion

38
Q

What does alesion to Broca’s area cause?

A

poor vocal expression

39
Q

What causes a resting tremor?

A

lesion to substantia nigra (basal ganglia) pars compacta

40
Q

What lesion causes an intention tremor?

A

cerebellar hemisphere (ipsilateral)

41
Q

What lesion causes hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior?

A

amygdala lesion

42
Q

Personality changes?

A

frontal lobe lesion

43
Q

Dysarthria?

A

cerebellar vermis

44
Q

What causes agraphia, acalculia?

A

Gerstmann’s - left parietal lobe lesion (dominant hem)

45
Q

What causes Weber’s syndrome and what are the sxs?

A

Midbrain infarction from occulsion of posterior cerebral artery.

Sxs: cerebral peduncle lesion –> contralateral spastic paralysis;

oculomotor nerve palsy –> ipsilateral ptosis, pupillary dilation, lateral strabismus (eye looks down and out)

46
Q

What causes medial medullary syndrome?

A

Occulsion of anterior spinal artery

  • contralateral spastic hemiparesis (from pyramid/corticospinal tract damage)
  • contralateral tactile and kinesthetic defects (from medial lemniscus damage)
  • tongue deviates towards side of lesion (from hypoglossal nucleus/nerve damage)
  • Pain and temperature PRESERVED
47
Q

Wallenberg (lateral medullary) syndrome?

A

Caused by occlusion of PICA

  • Contralateral loss of pain and temp over body (spinothalamic tract)
  • Ipsilateral loss of facial pain and temp (trigeminothalamic tract)
  • Hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, loss of gag reflex (nucleus ambiguous- CN 9,10 damage)
  • Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome (descending sympathetic tract)
  • vertigo, nystagmus, nausea/vomiting (vestibular nuclear damage)
  • ipsilateral cerebellar deficits
48
Q

Medial inferior pontine syndrome?

A

occlusion of basilar artyer –> unilateral infarct of medial aspect of inferior pons

  • contralateral spastic hemiparesis (corticospinal tract damage)
  • contralateral loss of light touch/vibratory/kinesthetic sensation (medial lemniscus damage)
  • paralysis of gaze to side of lesion (pontine gaze center, PPRF)
  • ipsilateral paralysis of lateral rectus muscle (abducens nerve damage)
  • ## Pain and temp PRESERVED
49
Q

Lateral inferior pontine syndrome?

A

Occlusion of AICA

  • ipsilateral facial nerve paralysis
  • ipsilateral loss of taste from anterior 2/3 tongue
  • ipsilateral deafness and tinnitus (cochlear nucleus and nerve fiber damage)
  • nystagmus, vertigo, nausea/vomiting (vestibular nucleus and nerve fiber damage)
  • ipsilateral limb and gait ataxia (cerebellar peduncles)
  • ipsilateral loss of pain and temperate sensation from face
  • contralateral loss of pain and temp sesnsation
  • ipsilateral horner’s syndrome
50
Q

classic presentation of syringomyelia? What malformation is it associated with?

A

Bilateral pain and temperature loss (cape-like distribution)

Chiari 1 and 2

51
Q

Brown Sequard syndrome presentation?

A
  • Ipsilateral UMN signs below lesion
  • ipsilateral loss of tactile, proprioception (dorsal column) below lesion
  • LMN signs at level of lesion
  • contralateral pain and temperature loss below lesion
52
Q

If tongue deviates TOWARD side of lesion, what is damaged?

A

hyperglossal nerve/nuclei = LMN lesion

53
Q

If tongue deviates AWAY from lesion, what is damaged?

A

motor cortex = UMN lesion

54
Q

Which primary brain tumor has pseudopalisading necrosis?

A

glioblastoma multiforme

55
Q

Tumor associated with Polycythemia

A

Hemangioblastoma

56
Q

tumor associated with neurofibromatosis II

A

schwannoma

57
Q

tumor associated with von-Hippel Lindau syndrome, foamy cells, high vascularity

A

hemangioblastoma

58
Q

Prolactinemia –> galactorrhea, amenorrhea, anovulation

A

pituitary adenoma/prolactinoma

59
Q

Brain Tumor with Psammoma bodies

A

meningioma

60
Q

Tumor showing fried-egg appearance

A

oligodendrioma

61
Q

tumor with perivascular pseudorosettes

A

ependyoma

62
Q

tumor with bitemporal hemianopia

A

pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma

63
Q

Worst prognosis of any primar brain tumor (< 6 month survival)

A

glioblastoma multiforme

64
Q

Child with hydrocephalus is likely to have which primary brain tumor?

A

Ependyoma

65
Q

tumor showing Homer-Wright pseudorosettes

A

medulloblastoma

66
Q

What are the 4 most common brain tumors in adults

A

Metastases, glioblastoma multiforme, meningioma, schwannoma (mostly supratentorial)

67
Q

What are the 3 most common brain tumors in children?

A

pilocytic astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependyoma (mostly infratentorial)

68
Q

A patient with vertigo + nystagmus + hearing loss is likely to have what disease?

A

Meniere’s disease

DIT High Yield Stuff (7 decks)

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