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1. USMLE > NEURO > Flashcards

NEURO Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

Dysdiadockinesia

A

Problem performing alternating movement

Ex pronation and supination of the forearm

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1
Q

Dysmetria

A

Inability to stop a movement at a particular position

Finger to nose difficulty

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2
Q

Scanning dysarthia

A

Dis Connective speech

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3
Q

Lesion to the vermis

A

Trunk ataxia and

Looses balance even if eyes open or closed can differentiate from rhombergs sign

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4
Q

Parkinson’s disease

Micro findings

A

Lewy bodies

Composed of alpha synuclein aka intracyto esoinophilic inclusions

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5
Q

Wide based gait

A

Crerbellar problems

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6
Q

Shuffling gait

A

Parkinson’s

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7
Q

Kulver bucy syn

Association and its location

A

Lesion to bilateral amygdala
Hyper oral, hypersex, disinhibition of behavior
Associated with hsv1

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8
Q

Right parietal-temporal cortex

A

Spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

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9
Q

Left parietal-temporal cortex

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation

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10
Q

Gertstmann syndrome

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation

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11
Q

Conductive hearing loss

Rinne and webers test

A

Rinne: abnormal bone>air

Weber : localize to affected ear

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12
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Rinne: Nomal air >bone
Webers: localized to unaffected ear

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13
Q

Sclera what type collagen

A

Type 1 collagen

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14
Q

Cornea collagen?

A

Type 1

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15
Q

Vitreous humor collagen?

A

2

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16
Q

Lens

A

Type 4

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17
Q

Hyperopia

A

Eye too short for refractive power of cornea and lens p light focused behind retina.

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18
Q

Myopia

A

Eye too long for refractive power of cornea and lens p light focused in front of retina.

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19
Q

Astigmatism

A

Abnormal curvature of cornea resulting in different refractive power at different axes.

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20
Q

Presbyopia

A

Decrease in focusing ability during accommodation due to sclerosis and r elasticity.

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21
Q

Retinitis association

A

Often viral (CMV, HSV, HZV). Associated with immunosuppression.

22
Q

Uveitis asociation

A

often associated with systemic inflammatory disorders (e.g., sarcoid, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, TB, HLA-B27–associated conditions).

23
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion

A

Acute, painless monocular vision loss. Retina cloudy with attenuated vessels and “cherry-red” spot at the fovea

24
Q

Retinal vein occlusion

A

Blockage of central or branch retinal vein due to compression from nearby arterial atherosclerosis. Retinal hemorrhage and edema in affected area.

25
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

Non-proliferative

A

damaged capillaries leak blood

26
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

proliferative

A

chronic hypoxia results in new blood vessel formation with resultant traction on
retina. Treatment: peripheral retinal photocoagulation, anti-VEGF injections.

27
Q

open-angle type Glaucoma

A

Painless, more common in U.S.
blocked trabecular meshwork from WBCs (e.g., uveitis), RBCs (e.g., vitreous hemorrhage), retinal elements (e.g., retinal detachment).
night blindness and gradual loss of peripheral vision leading to tunnel vision and blindness

28
Q

Closed/narrow angle Glaucoma

in acute conditions

A

true ophthalmic emergency.

29
Q

Glaucoma

A

Optic disc atrophy with characteristic cupping, usually with

30
Q

drugs contraindicated in CLosed angle

A

antimuscarinics and a1 agonist

31
Q

Cataract

A

Painless, often bilateral, opacification of lens A

33
Q

Cataract Risk Factors

A
34
Q

CN IV damage

A

eye moves upward, particularly with contralateral gaze and head tilt toward the side of the lesion (problems going down stairs, may present with compensatory head tilt in the opposite direction).

35
Q

afferent pupillary defect

A

Marcus Gunn pupil

due to optic nerve damage or severe retinal injury.

36
Q

Bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (“drusen”) with gradual

A

Age-related macular degeneration

37
Q

Dry (nonexudative-Age-related macular degeneration)

A

deposition of yellowish extracellular material in and beneath Bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (“drusen”) with gradual

38
Q

wet (nonexudative-Age-related macular degeneration)

A

rapid loss of vision due to bleeding 2° to choroidal

neovascularization. Treat with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (anti-VEGF) or laser. CAN SCAR

39
Q

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO)

A

lack of communication such that when CN VI nucleus activates ipsilateral lateral rectus, contralateral CN III nucleus does not stimulate medial rectus to fire. Abducting eye gets nystagmus (CN VI overfires to stimulate CN III). Convergence normal.

40
Q

Alzheimer disease
APP
inc risk in what syndrome

A

ch 21

down syn

41
Q

presenilin-1

A

Alzheimer disease ch14

42
Q

presenilin-2

A

Alzheimer disease ch1

43
Q

ApoE4

A

late onset ch 19

inc coversion of app to ABeta

44
Q

Alzheimer disease

histology??

A

Neurofibrillary tangles: intracellular, hyperphosphorylated tau protein = insoluble cytoskeletal elements; tangles correlate with degree of dementia
graunulovaculoar degeneration and hirano bodies in hippcampus

45
Q

frontotemporal dementia

A

picks disease

46
Q

Pick disease histo?

A

spherical tau protein aggregates

47
Q

Lewy body dementia

A

Initially early dementia and visual hallucinations followed by parkinsonian features.
dementia + visual hallucina aggravated with antipsycotics

48
Q

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy

A

Guillain-Barré

49
Q

Guillain-Barré associations

A

Associated with infections (Campylobacter jejuni and CMV)

50
Q

Metachromatic leukodystrophy enxyme and accumulation

A

AR
arylsulfatase A deficiency.
accum of cerebroside sulfatase

51
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A

hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

52
Q

hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy

A

Group of progressive hereditary nerve disorders related to the defective production of proteins involved in the structure and function of peripheral nerves or the myelin sheath. Typically autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and associated with scoliosis and foot deformities (high or flat arches).

53
Q

Krabbe disease
enzyme, accumulation and findings
genetic

A

deficiency of galactocerebrosidase.
of galactocerebroside and psychosine destroys myelin sheath.
Findings: peripheral neuropathy, developmental delay, optic atrophy, globoid cells.
AR

54
Q

Adrenoleukodystrophy

A

X-linked genetic disorder typically affecting males. Disrupts metabolism of very-long-chain fatty acids

1. USMLE (7 decks)

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