Neuro Flashcards
What is brain made up of?
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Brain what protects it?
Protected by meninges, CSF, and skull.
Prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe:
It's me as I know it: Intellect Complex learning Judgement Reasoning Concern Creation of abstract ideas
Parietal lobe:
Responsible for sensation and somatostimuli: Temp. Pain Shapes Two-point discrimination
Occipital lobe:
Visual cortex
Receives stimuli from the retina and interprets that in relation to past experiences.
Temporal lobe:
- Auditory stimuli impulses from the cochlea are transmitted here and interpreted regarding pitch, rhythm, loudness, and perception
- Olfactory cortex is also here and transmits impulses regarding smells.
Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
Gateway to cerebral cortex- all input is channeled through here. • hypothalamus: BP HR Force of heart contraction Digestive motility Resp. Rate and depth Pain, pleasure, fear. Temp. Food intake, water balance, sleep cycles.
Epithalamus:
Helps control moods and sleep cycles
Contains choroid plexus where CSF is formed.
Cerebellum:
Coordinates skeletal muscle movements and maintains equilibrium and muscle tone.
Brainstem:
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata 10 of 12 cranial nerves originate in Brainstem Connects upper and lower •autonomic control center: Resp. Vomiting Hiccuping Swallowing Coughing Sneezing
Spinal cord
Continuation of medulla oblongata
Ascending and descending pathways
Nerves 1
Olfactory: smell
Nerve 2
Optic: vision
Nerve 3
Oculomotor: pupillary reflex, extrinsic muscle movement
Nerve 4
Trochlear: eye muscle movement
Nerve v
Trigeminal:
•ophthalmic branch- scalp, upper eyelid, nose, cornea, lacrimal gland.
•maxillary branch
•mandibular
Nerve 6
Abducens:
Extrinsic muscle movement of eye.
Nerve 7
Facial: Taste (anterior) Facial movements Prod. Of tears Salivary stim.
Nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear:
Sense of balance
Sense of hearing
Nerve 9
Glossopharyngeal:
Gag and swallowing reflex
Taste (posterior)
Nerve 10
Vagus:
Throat and mouth for swallowing and talking
Nerve 11
Accessory:
Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
Nerve 12
Hypoglossal:
Movement of tongue
Movement of food during chewing
Speech
31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
Decerebrate
Rigid extension
Lesions ABOVE brain stem
Decorticate:
Rigid flexion
Lesion OF Brainstem
Arousal or alertness depends on what system.
RAS (reticular activating system)
Seizure disorder:
Plan of care
Airway patency Safety Admin. Meds Emotional support Treat underlying cause
Status epilepticus
Continuous seizure that lasts more than 30 minutes or person does not regain consciousness during a series of seizures. Tx: Airway Suction at bedside Oxygen VS and circulation Neuro assessment IV Safety Thermoregulation Admin. Meds
ICP plan of care
Sustained elevated pressure 10mm Hg or higher. Tx: Airway Neuro IICP monitor Ventilator monitor Pads bed rails ABG Elevate HOB 30 degrees Fluid and electrolytes Bladder distention/constipation Emotional support Reduce stimuli (cough, sneeze, vagal) Treat underlying cause Surgery may be performed
Processes occurring in brain that directly alter LOC
IICP Cerebral infarction Hematoma Intracranial hemorrhage Tumors Infections Injury from excitatory amino acids Demyelination disorders
Glasgow coma scale
4 eye opening 5 verbal response 6 motor response Max 15 Min3
Aphasia
Damage in Left cerebral cortex
Defective or absent language function
Dysphonia
Change in tone of voice common in clients who have had strokes
Paralysis of vocal cords (nerve X)
Dysarthria (difficulty speaking)
Lesions on upper and lower motor neurons of cerebellum and extrapyramidal tract.
Nystagmus:
Involuntary eye movement
Reflexes tested in infants:
Rooting- stroke side of face Sucking- place finger in mouth Tonic neck- turn head to one side Palmar grasp- finger in infant palm Stepping- hold infant close to surface Moro- present loud noise. Most disappear within 4-6 mo of age.
Children reflex:
- Present as game if possible
- Babinski abnormal after 2
- Under 5 use DD ST 11
- Ability to understand and follow directions
- signs of short attention or hyperactivity
- by 2 should walk backward
- by 4 balance on one foot for 5 sec.
- by 5 heel-toe walk
- By 6 heel-toe walk backward
- over 3 use Romberg
Frontal:
•Voluntary skeletal movement •speech •emotions •intellectual activities --prefrontal: intellect complex learning judgement concern for others creation of abstract ideas.
Moving IICP patient
Log roll that foo
Dilantin
Filter 50 mg/min Monitor calcium Monitor liver function Taper off Dilute with Normal saline Don't take with antacids Maintain good oral hygiene Use additional nonhormone contraceptive Don't use hand for IV insertion
Epilepticus status:
Airway
50% glucose
Pams
