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Pathophys > Neuro #2 > Flashcards

Neuro #2 Flashcards

0
Q

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

A

Sex-linked recessive
Post synaptic (MUSCULAR dystrophy)
Atrophy of muscle (dystROPHY)
Poor prognosis

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1
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

-Auto immune
Post-synaptic
Treat with cholinesterase inhibitors
Rapid, high activity muscles affected first (droopy eyes, failure to swallow)

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3
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A 
Presynaptic
Auto-immune
Disruption of myelinated tracts
Plaques/hardening of myelin
Affects only CNS
Noted c exacerbations followed by remission
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4
Q

Gullian-barre

A

Presynaptic
Hypersensitivity disorder
Follows an infection, vaccination, surgical procedure
Affects anterior and posterior nerve root (sensory and motor involvement)
May resolve with treatment

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5
Q

Partial seizures

A

Least serious
Unilateral
Loss of attention
Sensory/motor defects

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6
Q

Generalized seizures

A

Bilateral brain areas affected
Convulsive
Petit Mal-/Grand Mal
“Epileptic”

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7
Q

Secondary Seizures

A

Secondary to metabolic disturbance

  • electrolyte imbalance
  • drug withdrawal
  • trauma
  • Strokes
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8
Q

RAS

A

Reticular Activating System
Your “Consciousness”
White matter tracts
Use caution when conversing around coma patients, RAS may be active

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9
Q

Supratentorial coma

A

Damage to white matter tracts from tentorioum of midbrain to cortex
DeCORticate posturing
May recover, as white matter can eventually heal

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10
Q

Infratentorial coma

A

Damage to brain stem below tentorium
Decerebrate posturing
Alteration in breathing patterns
Very poor prognosis

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11
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA’s)

A

Mild ischemic event/ “Mini-stroke”
Issues resolve in less than one hour
Warning: Impending major stroke

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12
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

Bleeding into brain tissue

Difficult to manage- hard to stop bleeding

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13
Q

Thromobembolic Stroke

A
  • Air (Central line removal)
  • Fat (Broken bones)
  • Thombus (Atrial Fibrillation)
  • Calcium (Dunno)
  • Atheromatous plaque (of the carotid artieries)
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14
Q

Penumbral effect caused by _______

A

Death of neural cells releasing glutamate.
Glutamate stimulates calcium channels
Toxic levels of intracellular calcium ions result in cellular death

Treatment: Calcium channel blockers/glutamate receptor blockers

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15
Q

Nociceptor

A

Pain Receptor

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16
Q

Pain tract pathway

A
  • Sensory portion of peripheral nerve
  • Cross over and ascend contralaterally
  • Anterolateral spinothalamic tract
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17
Q

A-delta

A

Small, well mylenated, sharp pain tract

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18
Q

C-Fiber

A

Unmylenated tract- dull, aching pain tract

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19
Q

Pain intensity modulators

A

Enkephalins
Endorphins

-both produce opiate like analgesic effect

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20
Q

Axons

A

Conduct action potential AWAY from cell body

21
Q

Dendrites

A

Conduct action potential TOWARDS cell body

22
Q

Sensory nerves

A

AFFERENT- carry info towards CNS

23
Q

Motor Nerves

A

EFFERENT- carry info from CNS toward periphery

24
Q

All motor nerves cross ________

A

At medula

25
Q

Hypocalcemia has what effect on neuron excitability

A

Increased calcium = increased neural excitability

26
Q

Acetylcholine (Ach)

A

Most common transmitter

  • Excites “nicotinic” receptors
  • Inhibits (Hyperpolarizes) “muscarinic” receptors
27
Q

Cholinesterase

A

Destroys Acetylcholine

28
Q

Norepinipherine

A

Generally excitable

Sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

29
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight function

  • increase bp/hr
  • Increase blood glucose
  • Dilate puplis
  • Vasoconstriction
30
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Conservation of energy

  • slow HR
  • Increases gastrointestinal function
  • contracts pupil
31
Q

Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (BABA)

A

Inhibitory (Hyperpolarization) neurotransmitter

32
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Basic functional unit of human nervous system
“Sensory Arm”: dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerves
“Motor Arm”: anterior horn of gray matter of spinal cord
Integrated within gray matter of the spinal cord

33
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of gray matter

‘conscious’ areas of brain

34
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Divides cerebrum into hemispheres

35
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

Primary voluntary motor area

36
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A
  • pain
  • pressure
  • touch
  • temperature
37
Q

Damage to Lower Left precentral gyrus results in symptoms including:

A

loss of motor function on right side of head/face

38
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Optic Nerve

39
Q

Thalami

A

Direct info to and from cord tracts and regions

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

thirst
sleep
temperature regulation
ADH

41
Q

Cerebellum

A

Voluntary motor activity

42
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

breathing

vasomotor activity

43
Q

Anterior horn gray matter

A

Muscle function

44
Q

Dorsal Column pathway

A

QUICK and EXACT
-Kinesthetic sensation
-Refined touch/pressure
Cross at medulla

45
Q

Lateral Spinalthalamic

A

-Crude touch/pressure
-Pain
-Sexual sensations
-Many synapses = vague sensations
Cross at medulla

46
Q

Motor Pathway

A

1) Precentral Gyrus
2) Synapse at anterior horn gray matter of cord
3) Lower motor neuron exits through anterior horn
4) Supply skeletal muscle effector

47
Q

Damage to lower motor neuron results in ______ paralysis

A

Flaccid

48
Q

Damage to upper motor neuron results in ______

A

Spastic paralysis, due to reflex arcs still being intact

49
Q

Sympathetic (Automonic) Dysreflexia (Hyperreflexia)

A

Cord transsections above T-6
Reflexive systemic vasoconstriction (Dangerously high B/P)
-Stimulated by full bladder/bowel, or other stimulation

Pathophys (5 decks)

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