Neuro

Question 1

functions of the CNS are performed by two types of cells

Answer 1

neurons and glia

Question 2

cells that transmit signals between each other and from one part of the body to another

Answer 2

neurons

Question 3

cells abundant in the gray matter

Answer 3

neurons

Question 4

cells that regulate homeostasis and provide support and protection of neurons

Answer 4

glia

Question 5

cells abundant in white matter

Answer 5

glia

Question 6

maintains the blood brain barrier by controlling level of NTs around synapses and regulating ions and providing metabolic support

Answer 6

astrocytes

Question 7

myelinates CNS axons, providing structural framework

Answer 7

oligodendrocytes

Question 8

involved in brain’s immune system as phagocytes

Answer 8

microglia

Question 9

lines the spinal cord and ventricles to produce CSF

Answer 9

ependymal cells

Question 10

neural injury in the absence of glucose or oxygen/traumatic injury

Answer 10

acute rapid process

Question 11

neural injury associated with the accumulation of protein aggregates/proteinopathies

Answer 11

slow, degenerative process

Question 12

red neurons indicate

Answer 12

acute neural injury

Question 13

most important histopathologic marker of CNS injury

Answer 13

gliosis

Question 14

hypertrophy and hyperplasia of astrocytes

Answer 14

gliosis

Question 15

thick, elongated brightly eosinophilic structures within astrocytes as a result of long standing gliosis

Answer 15

Rosenthal fibers

Question 16

polyglucosan aggregates from waste products

Answer 16

corpora amylacea

Question 17

corpora amylacea is also known as

Answer 17

brain sand

Question 18

microglia congregating around cell bodies of dying neurons

Answer 18

neuronophagia

Question 19

aggregates around small foci of tissue necrosis in microglial injury

Answer 19

microglial nodules

Question 20

4 responses of microglia to injury

Answer 20

-proliferation
-forms elongated nuclei (rods)
-forms microglial nodules
-neuronophagia

Question 21

injury induced by acquired demyelinating disorders and leukodystrophies

Answer 21

oligodendrocyte injury

Question 22

may produce extensive ependymal injury with viral inclusions

Answer 22

CMV

Question 23

small irregularities on the ventricular surfaces

Answer 23

ependymal granulations

Question 24

3 causes of increased intracranial pressure

Answer 24

-generalized brain edema
-increased CSF volume
-expanding mass lesion

Question 25

an increase in extracellular fluid caused by blood-brain barrier disruption and increased vascular permeability

Answer 25

vasogenic edema

Question 26

an increased in intracellular fluid secondary to neuronal, glial, or endothelial cell membrane injury

Answer 26

cytotoxic edema

Question 27

two pathways of cerebral edema

Answer 27

vasogenic and cytotoxic edema

Question 28

seen with generalized hypoxic or ischemic insult with a metabolic derangement that prevents maintenance of the normal ion gradient (obesity/diabetes)

Answer 28

cytotoxic edema

Question 29

edema that involves both cortical grey and white matter

Answer 29

cytotoxic edema

Question 30

edema confined to white matter with fingerlike projections extending in subcortical white matter

Answer 30

vasogenic edema

Question 31

3 changes associated with generalized edema

Answer 31

- flattening of gyri - narrowing of sulci - compression of ventricular cavities

Question 32

most occur as a consequence of impaired flow and resorption of CSF

Answer 32

hydrocephalus

Question 33

overproduction of CSF is more typical of tumors of the

Answer 33

choroid plexus

Question 34

compensatory increase in ventricular volume secondary to a loss of brain parenchyma

Answer 34

hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Question 35

hydrocephalus ex vacuo is common in this disease

Answer 35

Alzheimer's

Question 36

herniation is mostly associated with

Answer 36

mass effect

Question 37

unilateral or asymmetric expansion of a cerebral hemisphere causing displacement of the cingulate gyrus under the falx

Answer 37

subfalcine herniation

Question 38

can lead to compression of the anterior cerebral artery and its branches

Answer 38

subfalcine herniation

Question 39

medial aspect of temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of the tentorium

Answer 39

transtentorial/uncal herniation

Question 40

hemorrhagic lesions seen in uncal herniations

Answer 40

Duret hemorrhages

Question 41

displacement of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum

Answer 41

tonsillar herniation

Question 42

defects that account for most CNS malformations

Answer 42

neural tube defects

Question 43

the most common neural tube defects involve the

Answer 43

spinal cord

Question 44

well known risk factor for neural tube defect

Answer 44

folate deficiency

Question 45

most common neural tube defect

Answer 45

spina bifida occulta

Question 46

deficiency of the occipital bone with cervicothoracic spinal fusion

Answer 46

iniencephaly

Question 47

combination of anencephaly with contiguous bony defect of the spine

Answer 47

craniorachischisis

Question 48

microcephaly can be caused by these three things

Answer 48

-chromosome abnormalities -fetal alcohol syndrome -HIV infection in utero

Question 49

posterior fossa anomaly associated with spina bifida

Answer 49

arnold-chiari type II malformation

Question 50

small posterior fossa with a misshaped midline cerebellum with downward extension of vermis through foramen magnum

Answer 50

arnold-chiari type II malformation

Question 51

hydrocephalus and lumbar myelomeningocele result from

Answer 51

arnold-chiari type II malformation

Question 52

less severe posterior fossa anomaly with low lying cerebellar tonsils that extend into the vertebral canal

Answer 52

chiari type I malformation

Question 53

enlarged posterior fossa with absent/scant cerebellar vermis that is replaced by midline cysts contiguous with leptomeninges

Answer 53

Dandy-Walker malformation

Question 54

nonprogressive neurologic motor deficit due to insults in prenatal and perinatal periods of development

Answer 54

cerebral palsy

Question 55

infarcts in the periventricular white matter

Answer 55

periventricular leukomalacia

Question 56

extensive ischemic damage causing large destructive cystic lesions to develop throughout the hemispheres

Answer 56

multicystic encephalopathy