Lower UT/Male

Question 1

most common cause of hydronephrosis in infants and children as a ,major contributor to renal infection and scarring

Answer 1

ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Question 2

frequently involves the upper ureter but can occur anywhere along the urothelium

Answer 2

benign fibroepithelial polyp

Question 3

most common primary malignant tumor of the ureter

Answer 3

urothelial carcinoma

Question 4

4 typical places of origin for urothelial carcinoma

Answer 4

renal pelvis, calyces, bladder, urethra

Question 5

anterior wall of the abdomen and bladder fail to develop, causing communication directly with abdominal surface

Answer 5

exstrophy of the bladder

Question 6

there is increased risk of this in the bladder remnant of exstrophic bladder

Answer 6

adenocarcinoma

Question 7

urinary stasis and predisposition to infection and the formation of bladder calculi due to this

Answer 7

diverticula

Question 8

a chronic inflammatory reaction in the bladder due to acquired defects in phagocyte function

Answer 8

malakoplakia

Question 9

these two bacteria usually cause malakoplakia

Answer 9

e. coli and proteus

Question 10

common in renal transplants and immunocompromised

Answer 10

malakoplakia

Question 11

laminated mineralized concretions resulting from deposition of calcium in enlarged lysosomes

Answer 11

Michaelis-Gutmann bodies

Question 12

inflammatory lesion due to irritation of bladder mucosa usually due to instrumentation

Answer 12

polypoid cystitis

Question 13

cystitis of unknown etiology with intermittent, often severe, suprapubic pain, frequency, urgency, hematuria, dyuria

Answer 13

interstitial cystitis

Question 14

mucosal fissures and punctate hemorrhages seen in this disorder

Answer 14

interstitial cystitis

Question 15

urothelium become broad bulbous polypoid projections due to marked submucosal edema

Answer 15

polypoid cystitis

Question 16

von Brunn nests grow down into the lamina propria causing cells to become cuboidal or columnar

Answer 16

cystitis glandularis

Question 17

von Brunn nests grow down into the lamina propria causing cells to retract to produce cystic spaces lined by flattened urothelium

Answer 17

cystitis cystica

Question 18

precursor to dysplastic lesions and in situ and invasive SCC

Answer 18

multifocal keratinizing squamous metaplasia

Question 19

this parasitic infection is most associated with renal and urologic disease causing squamous metaplasia

Answer 19

schistosomiasis

Question 20

implantation and growth of renal tubular cells at sites of bladder mucosa erosion that is common in renal transplant recipients

Answer 20

nephrogenic adenoma

Question 21

95% of bladder malignancies are

Answer 21

epithelial

Question 22

small papillary epithelial lesion indicative of this

Answer 22

nephrogenic adenoma

Question 23

mutations in these genes can cause urothelial carcinoma in situ

Answer 23

TP53, RB

Question 24

mutations in these genes can papillary urothelial neoplasms

Answer 24

RAS, FGFR3

Question 25

this type of urothelial carcinoma tends to be muscle invasive

Answer 25

carcinoma in situ

Question 26

precursor lesion for epithelial bladder malignancies

Answer 26

papilloma

Question 27

most common benign mesenchymal bladder tumor

Answer 27

leiomyoma

Question 28

most common urethral lesion

Answer 28

urethral caruncle

Question 29

a reactive polypoid lesion with a small, red, painful mass near the external urethral meatus in post-menopausal women

Answer 29

urethral caruncle

Question 30

the most common location of the urethra for squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 30

distal 1/3

Question 31

SCC in the urethra is associated with this infection

Answer 31

HPV

Question 32

abnormal opening on the ventral surface of the penis

Answer 32

hypospadias

Question 33

abnormal opening on the dorsal surface of the penis

Answer 33

epispadias

Question 34

congenital anomaly of the penis associated with lack of testicular descent

Answer 34

epispadias

Question 35

orifice of prepuce is too small to permit its normal retraction of foreskin, interfering with cleanliness and smegma can accumulate

Answer 35

phimosis

Question 36

this condition has increased risk for penile carcinoma

Answer 36

phimosis

Question 37

induratio penis plastica

Answer 37

Peyronie disease

Question 38

more frequent bladder carcinoma type in countries where urinary schistosomiasis is endemic

Answer 38

SCC

Question 39

fusion of testes

Answer 39

synorchism

Question 40

complete or partial failure of the intra-abdominal testes to descend into the scrotal sac

Answer 40

cryptochordism

Question 41

most common benign paratesticular adnexal tumor of mesothelial origin

Answer 41

adenomatoid tumor

Question 42

retroperitoneal adipose tissue has been pulled into the inguinal canal along with hernia sac

Answer 42

"lipoma" of spermatic cord, not true neoplasm

Question 43

cuts off the venous drainage of the testis

Answer 43

torsion

Question 44

most common malignant paratesticular tumor in adults usually in the spermatic cord

Answer 44

liposarcoma

Question 45

consists of small nodules that typically occur near the upper pole of the epididymis

Answer 45

adenomatoid tumor

Question 46

serous fluid accumulation in the tunica vaginalis

Answer 46

hydrocele

Question 47

blood accumulation in the tunica vaginalis

Answer 47

hematocele

Question 48

lymph accumulation in the tunica vaginalis

Answer 48

chylocele

Question 49

small cystic accumulation of semen in dilated efferent ducts or the ducts of rete testis

Answer 49

spermatocele

Question 50

dilated vein in the spermatic cord

Answer 50

varicocele

Question 51

most common form of prostatitis

Answer 51

chronic abacterial prostatitis

Question 52

most common benign prostatic disease in men older than 50 years

Answer 52

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 53

results from impaired cell death causing accumulation of old cells in the prostate, causing urethral compression, urine retention

Answer 53

BPH

Question 54

these two things are the most important prognostic factors in prostate cancer

Answer 54

grade and stage

Question 55

scoring system for a prostate adenocarcinoma

Answer 55

Gleason scoring

Question 56

most common cancer in males 15-45 years old

Answer 56

germ cell tumors

Question 57

most common germ cell tumor

Answer 57

seminoma

Question 58

this mutation is implicated in 25% of seminomas

Answer 58

C-KIT

Question 59

a classic seminoma cell is round to ____ with a distinct cell membrane

Answer 59

polyhedral

Question 60

a bulky, homogenous gray-white lobulated cut surface with no hemorrhage or necrosis up to 10x the normal size gross appearance indicates

Answer 60

seminoma

Question 61

the tunica albuginea is not penetrated but there is extension into the epididymis, spermatic cord, and scrotal sac

Answer 61

seminoma

Question 62

aggressive carcinoma that extends through tunica albuginea, epididymis or spermatic cord and peaks from 20-30 years old

Answer 62

embryonal carcinoma

Question 63

gross appearance of variegation and hemorrhage and necrosis indicate

Answer 63

embryonal carcinoma

Question 64

microscopic appearance of epithelial appearing cells growing in alveolar or tubular patterns, sometimes papillary indicate

Answer 64

embryonal carcinoma

Question 65

large and anaplastic cells with hyperchromatic nuclei with prominent nucleoli indicate

Answer 65

embryonal carcinoma

Question 66

highly malignant germ cell tumor

Answer 66

choriocarcinoma

Question 67

small (<5cm) appearance and dark red-brown hemorrhagic lesion indicates

Answer 67

choriocarcinoma

Question 68

distinctive biphasic appearance with mononucleated trophoblastic cells and multinucleated syncytiotrophoblasts in a hemorrhagic background indicate

Answer 68

choriocarcinoma

Question 69

endodermal sinus tumor

Answer 69

yolk sac tumor

Question 70

most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age

Answer 70

yolk sac tumor

Question 71

solid, soft, myxoid or gelatinous, yellow-tan to gray-white appearance indicates

Answer 71

yolk sac tumor

Question 72

IHC used in diagnosing yolk sac tumor

Answer 72

alpha-feto protein (AFP)

Question 73

various cellular or organoid components reminiscent of normal derivatives from more than one germ layer, but often mixed with other tumor types

Answer 73

teratoma

Question 74

if teratomas are present in a postpubertal male, it is

Answer 74

malignant

Question 75

heterogenous gross appearance with solid, sometimes cartilaginous, and cystic areas, usually large indicate

Answer 75

teratoma

Question 76

most of these tumors occur between 20-60 years of age and are associated with Klinefelter syndrome, cryptochidism, hereditary leiomyomatosis and RCC syndrome

Answer 76

Leydig cell tumors

Question 77

golden brown to yellow homogenous appearance, less than 5 cm

Answer 77

Leydig cell tumors

Question 78

touch prep can display these intracytoplasmic pathognomonic figures in Leydig cell tumors

Answer 78

crystalloids of Reinke

Question 79

mostly benign tumors associated with Carney complex, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, FAP syndrome

Answer 79

Sertoli cell tumors

Question 80

firm, small nodules with homogenous gray-white to yellow cut surface indicate

Answer 80

Sertoli cell tumors

Question 81

micro appearance of distinctive trabeculae that tend to form cord-like structures and tubules indicate

Answer 81

Sertoli cell tumors

Question 82

most common form of testicular neoplasm in 60 year old population

Answer 82

testicular lymphoma

Question 83

testicular lymphomas make up what percent of testicular neoplasms

Answer 83

5%

Question 84

hard penile plaques that result from depositon of collagen in the CT between the corpora cavernosa and tunica albuginea present in

Answer 84

Peyronie disease

Question 85

associated with the Dupuytren contracture of the palma fascia of the hand

Answer 85

Peyronie disease

Question 86

glans and prepuce infection

Answer 86

balanoposhthitis

Question 87

accumulation of desquamated epithelial cells, sweat, and debris

Answer 87

smegma

Question 88

c. albicans, anaerobic bacteria, Gardnerella and pyogenic bacteria can cause

Answer 88

balanoposthitis

Question 89

syphillis, gonorrhea, chancroid, granuloma inguinale, lymphopathia venerea, genital herpes are

Answer 89

most common infections of the penis

Question 90

caused by low risk HPV serotypes 6, 11

Answer 90

condyloma acuminatum

Question 91

single or multiple sessile/pedunculated, red papillary excrescenes indicate

Answer 91

condyloma acuminatum

Question 92

branching, villous, papillary connective tissue stroma covered by hyperkeratotic and acanthotic epithelium micro appearance indicates

Answer 92

condyloma acuminatum

Question 93

perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization

Answer 93

koilocytosis

Question 94

younger sexually active adults have this which histologically is identical to Bowen disease but they regress, associated with HPV

Answer 94

Bowenoid papulosis

Question 95

indicates neoplasia from carcinoma in situ to overt malignancy

Answer 95

penile intraepithelial neoplasia

Question 96

carcinoma in situ (penis - SCC)

Answer 96

Bowen disease

Question 97

typically starts in glans with cauliflower like lesions

Answer 97

malignant penis SCC

Question 98

poor genital hygiene and a high risk HPV infection can cause

Answer 98

malignant penis SCC

Question 99

most commonly caused by instillation or BCG vaccine within the bladder for superficial bladder cancer

Answer 99

granulomatous cystitis

Question 100

most common form of carcinoma in men

Answer 100

prostatic adenocarcinoma

Question 101

most common genetic alteration in the prostate is a chromosomal rearrangement that juxtaposes the coding sequence of this

Answer 101

ETS gene family, ERG

Question 102

most cases of prostate carcinoma arise in this zone

Answer 102

peripheral zone

Question 103

gritty, firm, poorly observed/defined appearance indicates

Answer 103

prostatic adenocarcinoma

Question 104

a primary grade is assigned to

Answer 104

the dominant pattern

Question 105

a secondary grade is assigned to

Answer 105

the second most common pattern

Question 106

how is a gleason grade produced

Answer 106

adding up the primary and secondary grade of the patterns seen histologically