Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 502 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system made up of:

A

Brain
Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Peripheral nervous system made up of..

A

Everything else!
* “All nerve fibers outside
the brain and spinal cord”
* Includes autonomic
nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cerebral cortex (location, function)

A

cerebrum’s outer layer of nerve cells; controls most conscious processes
Cerebral cortex is center of functions governing thought, memory, reasoning, sensation, and voluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

Parietal
occipital
frontal
temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Parietal lobe (location/function)

A

Sensation/ Top back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Frontal lobe (Location/function)

A

“Personality”
* Behavior
* Emotions
* Intellectual
function
* Broca’s area

**Front lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Occipital lobe (Location/function)

A

Vision- back of head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Temporal lobe (Location/function)

A

Auditory
* Hearing
* Taste
* Smell
* Wernicke’s area

**Side of head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cerebellum

A

The “auto pilot”
* Voluntary movement
* Equilibrium
* Muscle tone
* Coordination of movement

**below occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Brain stem

A

basic functions of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autonomic nervous system (Sympathetic)

A

“Fight or flight” response
* Increased HR, BP, RR
* Decreased Peristalsis
* Secretion of epinephrine and
norepinephrine
* Bronchiole dilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic)

A

Maintaining normal body
functions
* Maintains (“normalizes”) BP,
HR, RR
* Increased Peristalsis
* Bronchiole constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Brain stem is made up of…

A

Midbrain/Pons/Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Midbrain controls…

A

thalamus/hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pons controls…

A

respiratory centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Medulla controls…

A
  • Ascending & descending tracts
  • Autonomic centers
  • Respiration, heart, GI
  • CN VII to XII
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cerebellum

A

Complex motor coordination for
* Movement
* Equilibrium
* Posture
* Receives information about muscle/joint position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How to assess for cerebellar functin?

A

Romberg Test
* Finger-to-finger
* Finger-to-nose
* Heel-to-shin
* Rapid alternating
movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pathways- sensory and motor direction

A

sensory-ascending
motor-descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract

A

MOTOR PATHWAY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Motor fibers travel from
motor cortex to
brainstem, where they
cross and go down the
opposite (contralateral)
side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describing Motor Function

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spinothalamic tract

A

Sensory fibers: transmit
pain, temperature,
touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Posterior column

A
  • Position
  • Vibration
  • Fine touch
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DESCRIBING SENSORY FUNCTION

A
  • Touch, pain, temperature
    * Light/dull (Sternal rub)
  • Vibration (tuning fork)
  • Proprioception
  • Romberg
  • Stereognosis (Put object in persons hands)
  • Graphesthesia (use pen to draw on their hands)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

4 types of reflexes

A
  • Deep tendon (DTR)
  • Superficial
  • Visceral
  • Pathologic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Deep tendon reflex types

A

Biceps
* Triceps
* Brachioradialis
* Patellar
* Achilles tendon
* quadriceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Deep tendon reflex grading
superficial reflex grading

A
  • 0 = Absent
  • 1 = Weak
  • 2 = Normal
  • 3 = exaggerated
  • ## 4 = Hyperreflexia+- Present
    0-absent
28
Q

HISTORY: PERTINENT TO
NEUROLOGICAL ISSUES

A
29
Q

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS (5)

A

Headache
* Mental status change- confusion, lethargy,
agitation, restlessness
* Dizziness, vertigo, syncope
* Numbness or loss of sensation
* Deficits of the 5 senses

30
Q

Tools for assessing (5)

A
  • Flashlight
  • Cotton
  • Object with sharp and dull sides
  • Vibration (tuning) fork
  • Reflex hammer
31
Q

CEREBRAL FUNCTION

A
  • Behavior
  • Level of consciousness: time, place, person
  • Glasgow Coma Scale
  • Memory: immediate, recent, remote
  • Mathematical ability
  • Thought process
  • Judgment
  • General knowledge
  • Communication
32
Q

CRANIAL NERVES (CNS)

A
  • I: Olfactory
  • II: Optic
  • III: Oculomotor
  • IV: Trochlear
  • V: Trigeminal
  • VI: Abducens
  • VII: Facial
  • VIII: Acoustic
  • IX: Glossopharyngeal
  • X: Vagus
  • XI: Spinal Accessory
  • XII: Hypoglossal

oh, oh, oh, to, touch, a, female, ass. Great, vag, soft, hands

33
Q

Sensory nerves

A
  • I: Olfactory
  • II: Optic
  • VIII: Acoustic
34
Q

Motor

A
  • IV: Trochlear
  • VI: Abducens
  • XI: Spinal Accessory
  • XII: Hypoglossal
35
Q

Sensory and motor

A
  • III: Oculomotor
  • V: Trigeminal
  • VII: Facial
  • IX: Glossopharyngeal
  • X: Vagus
36
Q

Cranial Nerves I,II

A
  • I: Olfactory
    • Smell
    • Non-noxious smells
    • Sensory
  • II: Optic
    • Vision
    • Requires ophthalmoscope
    • Sensory
37
Q

CRANIAL NERVES: III, IV, VI

A
  • III: Oculomotor (Motor)
    * Pupil dilation and constriction
    * PERRLA
  • IV: Trochlear (Motor)
  • VI: Abducens: Eye movement (Motor)
    * EOMs of cardinal gaze
    * Nystagmus? (back and forth eye movement)
    * Unilateral or bilateral?
    * Frequency?
    * Plane of movement?
  • Strabismus? (one eye wonky, lazy eye
  • Ptosis? Droopy eye lid
38
Q

PERRLA

A
  • P = Pupils
  • E = equal (as in size)
  • R = Round
  • R = Reactive to
  • L = Light, and
  • A = Accommodation
  • Can only be assessed in an alert individual
39
Q

CRANIAL NERVE: V (TRIGEMINAL)

A

Motor and Sensory
* Motor function: Chewing
* Have patient clench teeth clench, then palpate temporal and masseter muscles
* Sensory function
* Facial sensation
* Taste at anterior tongue

40
Q

CRANIAL NERVES: VII (FACIAL)

A
  • Facial muscles for expression
    * Have client “smile, frown, close eyes tight, lift brows, show teeth, puff cheeks”
    Sensory
    * Taste on anterior tongue
    * Tested only if injury occurs or is suspected
    * Salt, lemon juice, sugar
41
Q

CRANIAL NERVES: VIII, IX

A
  • VIII: Vestibulocochlear or Acoustic
    * Sensory for hearing and equilibrium
    * Requires special equipment to fully assess
    * Bedside assessment with conversation
    * Balance (vestibulocochlear)
  • IX: Glossopharyngeal
    * Sensory: taste (post tongue)
    * Motor: pharyngeal muscles (swallowing)
42
Q

CRANIAL NERVE: X (VAGUS)

A

Motor
* Pharyngeal muscles (swallowing)
* Consider the patient with stroke
* Assess gag
Sensory
* Viscera of thorax and abdomen

43
Q

Why else is the Vagus nerve
important?

A

The heart rate can drop so low that people will pass out if they “bear down” too much.

44
Q

CRANIAL NERVES: XI, XII (MOTOR)

A
  • XI: Spinal accessory (turning head right and left)
    * Trapezius and sternomastoid movement
    * Have patient turn head and apply resistance
    * Assess shoulder shrug
  • XII: Hypoglossal
    * Tongue movement
45
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS: INFANTS

A
46
Q

Sensory Assessment (Superficial and Deep)

A
  • Superficial:
    • Pain
    • Temperature
      • Light touch
  • Deep Sensation
    * Vibration
    * Position (kinesthesia)
    • Tactile discrimination
      * Stereognosis
    • Graphesthesia
47
Q

SPINAL NERVES

A

Cervical- C1-C7
Thoracic T1-T12
Lumbar L1-L5
Sacral S1-S5
Coccyx

48
Q

Types of sensations (4)

A
  • Anesthesia: no sensation
  • Hyperesthesia: increased sensitivity
  • Hypoesthesia: loss of sensation
  • Paresthesia: pins and needles
49
Q

NEUROLOGIC ASSESSMENT

A
50
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS:
THE ELDERLY PATIENT

A

Physiologic changes
General atrophy of neurons
* Brain actually decreases in weight
* Cerebral cortex thins
* Leads to decreased Cognitive brain function (CBF), Cerebral spinal fluid (csf),
* Neural connections slower
* Loss of muscle mass and tone
* Decrease in sensory abilities

Consequences
* Dizziness
* Syncope
* Tremors develop
* Strength (grip) less strong

**High risk for falls

51
Q

NEUROLOGIC CHANGES R/T AGING

A
  • Probable decline in cranial nerve function
  • Senile tremors
    • Benign: intention
      * Dyskinesia: no rigidity
  • Grip remains intact
  • Rapid alternating movements more difficult to perform
  • DTRs less brisk (Deep tendon reflexes)
  • In general, stronger stimuli may be necessary to elicit response
52
Q

ASSESSING MENTAL STATUS

A
  • Is change acute or gradual
  • Orientation
    * Person, place, time
  • Response to pain (Sternal rub)
  • Speech patterns
  • Person’s appearance
  • Coordination
  • Thought process
  • Level of consciousness (LOC)
    * Awake & alert
    * Lethargic
    * Stuporous (really have to shake the pt to rouse them)
    * Comatose
  • Speech patterns
    * Ability to communicate?
    • Appropriate response?
    • Speech rhythm
  • Memory
    * Cerebral function
    * Recent vs. remote memory
    * Immediate memory test (3 words)
  • Intellectual
    * Learning
    * Computation
    * Ability to read
    * Insight
    * Judgment
53
Q

MINI MENTAL STATUS Test

A
  • Max score 30
  • < 23 = cognitive impairment

Orientation?
Registration? (Repeat words back to me)
Naming (what is this object?)
Reading (Can you read this and do what it says?)

54
Q

Superficial reflexes

A
  • Plantar
  • Abdominal
  • Anal
  • Cremasteric: males, stroke the inner aspect of upper thigh (testes will contract)
  • Bulbocavernosus: contraction of the anal sphincter
55
Q

ABNORMAL FINDINGS (Muscle tone and reflexes)

A

Tone
* Flaccidity
* Spasticity
* Rigidity
* Cogwheel rigidity (like a watch hand/arm ticking)

Movement
* Paresis
* Paralysis
* Myoclonus
* Fasciculation/Tic/Tremor
* Resting
* Intention
* Chorea (Tourette’s)
* Athetoid (cerebral palsy)

56
Q

Abnormal pathological reflexes

A
  • Babinski
  • Brudzinski: flex the neck
  • Kernig: extension of
    the knee
57
Q

Abnormal postures

A

*Decorticate rigidity
* Decerebrate rigidity
* Flaccid quadriplegia
* Opisthotonus (Back/neck arches back)

58
Q

NEUROLOGIC INJURY: STROKE

A
  • “3rd most common cause of death in US”
  • Men > women
  • Thrombotic/embolic (clot)
  • Hemorrhagic (pressure build up)
  • Poor control of modifiable risk factors
59
Q

NEUROLOGIC INJURY:
PARKINSON DISEASE

A
  • Damage to extrapyramidal tracts
    * Dopamine loss
  • Classic symptom triad
    • Tremor
      * Rigidity
    • Bradykinesia (slow walking)
  • Flat facial expression
  • Increased Salivation (Drooling)
  • Decreased Eye blink (Dry eyes)
  • Ambulation problems (shuffling feet)
60
Q

ASSESSING THE HOSPITALIZED PATIENT

A
61
Q

NEURO EXAM SCREENING CHECKLIST (4)

A
  • Mental status
  • Cranial nerves
  • Motor function
  • Sensory function
62
Q

Glasgow coma scale

A

Used for TBI patients

63
Q

NIH stroke scale

A

15- item neurological examination stroke scale used to evaluate the effect of acute cerebral infarction on the LOC, language, motor strength, ataxia, dysarthria, and sensory loss.

64
Q
A
65
Q
A

NUR 502 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions