Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 502 > Cardio (Complete) > Flashcards

Cardio (Complete) Flashcards

1
Q

Mediastinum Structure

A

Heart
Great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of Great Vessels

A

-Aorta
-Pulmonary artery
-Superior vena cava
-Inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is Point of maximal impulse (which ventricle)

A

Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pericardium: Layers of the heart

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Heart Valves _____

A

Unidirectional
Prevents backflow
Open and close passively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Atrioventricular valves (AV) Types and Location

A

Tricuspid Valve- Between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart
Mitral valve- Between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Semilunar Valves (SL) Types and location

A

Aortic- between the left ventricle and the aorta
Pulmonic valve- between right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens during…Diastole (AV)

A

valves are open, filling phase-ventricles fill with
blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens during..Systole (AV)

A

valves are closed, pumping phase-prevents blood
from backing into the aorta (regurgitation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during…Systole (SL)

A

valves are open, pumping phase-blood is ejected from
the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens during…Diastole (SL)

A

valves are closed, ventricles are relaxed, pressure
inside drops, preventing blood from flowing back into the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

No valves are present between vena cava and right atrium, or
between pulmonary veins and left atrium which means…..(physiology)

A

-Abnormally high pressure in left side of heart gives a person symptoms of pulmonary congestion.
-Abnormally high pressure in right side of heart shows in neck veins and abdomen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Deoxygenated Blood flow- Where does it enter from?

A

Enters the heart through the superior vena cava from the
upper body and the inferior vena cava from the lower body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Deoxygenated blood flow- First chamber of the heart

A

R atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Deoxygenated blood- First valve

A

Tricuspid valve: opens, blood flows from right atrium to the right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deoxygenated blood- Second chamber of heart

A

R ventricle -contracts and pumps the blood to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Deoxygenated blood- second valve

A

Pulmonary valve- opens, blood flows from the right
ventricle to the pulmonary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blood becoming oxygenated…
First artery

A

Pulmonary artery- Pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the
lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oxygenated blood flow- Returns to the heart through the ______ veins

A

Pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Blood goes through the pulmonary veins and
enters the _____

A

Left atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

oxygenated blood flows from the left atrium
into the _____

A

Left Ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Left ventricle: pumps the oxygenated blood to the ____

A

Aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

movement of blood through the heart

24
Q

Two phases of the cardiac cycle: Systole (what is happening physiologically)

A

Systole
 Contraction of the heart
 Blood is pumped from the ventricles and fills the pulmonary
and systemic arteries.
 Represents one third of the cardiac cycle

…..Ventricular pressure becomes higher than that in atria
 Mitral and tricuspid valves close
 Closure of AV valves contributes to first heart sound (S1)
and signals beginning of systole
 AV valves close to prevent any regurgitation of blood back
up into atria during contraction
 Brief moment, all four valves are closed and ventricular
walls contract
 Contraction against closed systembuilds pressure in the
ventricles
 pressure in ventricles exceeds pressure in the aorta

25
Q

Two phases of the cardiac cycle: Diastole (what is happening physiologically)

A

 Ventricles relax and fill with blood
 Represents two-thirds of the cardiac cycle

Ventricles relaxed
 Tricuspid and mitral valves are open
 Pressure in atria higher than that in ventricles, so
blood pours rapidly into ventricles
 Toward end of diastole, atria contract and push last
amount of blood into ventricles

26
Q

Types of heart sounds (basic overview)

A

normal
heart sounds and,
occasionally, extra heart
sounds and murmurs

27
Q

S1 heart sound

A

Occurs when AV valves close
(beginning of systole)
 Can hear S1 over all
precordium, but loudest at
apex

28
Q

S2 heart sounds

A

Occurs when semilunar
valves close
 Signals end of systole
 Heard over all of precordium,
S2 loudest at base

29
Q

S3

A

S3 occurs when ventricles resistant to filling during early rapid filling phase
 Normally diastole is silent event
 Occurs immediately after
S2, when AV valves open and atrial blood first pours into ventricles
 However, in some conditions, ventricular filling creates vibrations that can
be heard over chest

30
Q

S4

A

S4 Occurs at end of diastole, when ventricle resistant to filling
 Atria contract and push blood into noncompliant ventricle
 This creates vibrations that are heard as S4
 S4 occurs just before S1

31
Q

Stenotic murmer

A

 Valve opening progressively decreases in size
 Forward flow of blood is restricted
 Affected chamber becomes hypertrophied

31
Q

Valvular heart disease

A

Result of turbulent blood flow
 Gentle, blowing, whooshing or swishing sound heard
 Causes a specific murmur, either systolic or diastolic

32
Q

Heart Murmurs (forward and backwards)

A

FORWARD flow of blood through stiff stenotic
OPEN valves
 BACKWARD flow of blood through incompetently
CLOSED valves

32
Q

Regurgitation murmer

A

 Insufficiency or incompetent
 Valve does not completely close
 Backflow into chamber, causing overload and dilated chamber

33
Q

Heart murmur locations

A

 Aortic Area: Right 2nd ICS
 Pulmonic Area: Left 2nd ICS
 Erb’s point 3rd Left ICS
 Tricuspid Area: 4-5th ICS Left Sternal Border
 Mitral Area: 5th ICS MCL

34
Q

How are heart sounds described?

A

 Timing: systolic or diastolic
 Duration: short or long
 Location: where is it the loudest, radiates
 Position patient: left lateral decubitus or sitting up
 Shape: crescendo, decrescendo, or holosystolic
 Grading and Intensity
 Pitch (low, medium, or high)
 Quality: blowing, harsh, rumbling, or musical

35
Q

Properties of Cardiac cells

A

 Automaticity: the ability to initiate an impulse spontaneously and continuously.
 Excitability: the ability to be electrically stimulated.
 Conductivity: the ability to transmit an impulse along a membrane in an orderly manner.
 Contractility: the ability to respond mechanically to an impulse.

36
Q

Cardiac output (how much?) (Equation?)

A

4-6 liters
HR X stroke volume

37
Q

Stroke volume (output and definition)

A

(50 – 100 mL)
 Volume of blood ejected with each heartbeat, and it is
 Dependent on preload, myocardial contractility, and
afterload.

37
Q

Preload

A

Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
 Stretching of the cardiac cells prior to contraction

Preload is venous return, which builds during diastole
 How well ventricular muscle can stretch at end of diastole
 According to Frank-Starling law, the greater the stretch, the stronger the heart’s
contraction
 This increased contractility results in an increased volume of blood ejected,
increased stroke volume

38
Q

Ejections fraction (percentage and definition)

A

50-70%
 Percentage of blood ejected during each heartbeat

39
Q

Mayocardial contractibility

A

Ability of the heart to contract
 Maximum force of contraction a heart can achieve.

40
Q

Afterload

A

 Force against which the heart has to contract to eject the
blood.
 Degree of vascular resistance which the left ventricle must
pump (contraction)

Afterload is the opposing pressure that the ventricle must generate to open aortic valve
 Afterload is the resistance against which ventricle must pump its blood
 After aortic valve opens, rapid ejection occurs

41
Q

Developmental Considerations:
Infants and Children

A

 Fetal heart begins to beat after 3 weeks’ gestation
 Right and left ventricles equal in weight and muscle wall thickness
and both pumping into systemic circulation
 Inflation and aeration of lungs at birth produces circulatory changes
 Now blood is oxygenated through lungs rather than through placenta
 Now left ventricle has greater workload of pumping into systemic
circulation

42
Q

Heart rates for children at rest

A

Age (Yrs.) Avg. Rate Range
1-2 110-120 88-155
2-6 100-110 65-140
6-10 75-90 52-130

43
Q

Developmental Considerations:
Pregnancy

A

Blood volume increases by 30% to 40% during pregnancy
 Most rapid expansion occurs during second trimester
 Creates an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output and an increased pulse rate of 10 to 15 beats per minute
 Despite increased cardiac output, arterial blood pressure decreases in pregnancy as a result of peripheral vasodilation
 Blood pressure drops to lowest point during second trimester, then rises after that
 Blood pressure varies with person’s position

44
Q

Developmental Considerations:
Aging Adult (12 points)

A

Lifestyle: diet, exercise, alcohol, smoking, drug use, and stress have an influence on coronary artery disease
 Lifestyle affects the aging process; cardiac changes once thought to be due to aging due to sedentary lifestyle accompanying aging
Systolic BP increases: thickening and stiffening of the arteries
 Diastolic BP: decreases or no change
 Left ventricular wall becomes thicker, usually the size of the heart does not change
 No change in resting heart rate or cardiac output at rest
 Decreased ability of heart to adjust cardiac output with exercise
 Amount of collagen in the heart increases and elastin decreases.
 Changes affect the contractile and distensible properties of the myocardium
 Heart valves become thick and stiff
 Increased need for pacemakers
 SA node fails
 Risk of orthostatic hypotension
 Increase incidence of CAD, HTN, and HF

45
Q

Cardiad assessment: Inspection

A

General appearance and vital signs
 Skin color, temperature
 Edema
 Diaphoresis
 Blood pressure: normal range
 Extremities: perfusion
 Pulses: brisk and easily palpable
 JVP: normal range
 Lower extremities for edema

46
Q

Palpation: Carotid Artery

A

 Carotid artery is a central artery
 Palpate the carotid pulse, including the carotid upstroke, its amplitude and contour, and the presence or absence of thrills.
 Close to heart; timing closely coincides with ventricular systole (beginning of S1)
 Located in groove between trachea and sternomastoid muscle, medial to and along-side
that muscle
 Carotid artery provides information about cardiac function
 Aortic valve stenosis and regurgitation.
 Palpate each medial to sternomastoid muscle
 Palpate for carotid upstroke, amplitude and contour, and the presence or absence of thrills.
 Height of pulsations unchanged by position
 Height of pulsations not affected by inspiration
 Avoid excessive pressure
Patient should be supine with the head of the bed elevated to about 30°.
 Inspect the neck for carotid pulsations
 Often visible just medial to the sternomastoid muscle

47
Q

Jugular Vein Pressure (physiology)

A

 Reflects the right side of the heart
 Assess filling pressure and volume status
 Volume and pressure increases when right side of heart fails to pump efficiently
 JVP gives information about the right side of the heart because no cardiac valve exists to separate superior vena cava from right atrium
 Empties unoxygenated blood directly into superior vena cava
 Two jugular veins present on each side of neck.
 Internal and external

48
Q

JVP (how to assess)

A

 Position head of the bed 30°, or when you see pulsations
 Turn the patient’s head lightly to the left, then the right, and identify the external jugular vein on each side.
 Focus on the internal jugular venous pulsations on the right, transmitted from deep in the neck to the overlying soft tissues.
 Inspect for pulsations of internal jugular veins in area of suprasternal notch or around origin of sternomastoid muscle around clavicle.
 Distinguish internal jugular vein pulsation from that of carotid artery

49
Q

JVP Abnormal

A

JVP: >3 cm above the sternal angle, or more than 8 cm in total distance above the right atrium, is considered elevated above normal
 An elevated JVP correlates with both acute and chronic heart failure.
 Elevated JVP: tricuspid stenosis, chronic pulmonary hypertension, superior vena cava obstruction, cardiac tamponade, and constrictive pericarditis

50
Q

Ascultation (Heart sounds)

A

 Patient supine
 Follow a “Z” pattern
 Begin with diaphragm of stethoscope
 Use bell of stethoscope for bruits
 Identify S1 and S2
 Determine if there are abnormal heart sounds
 S3 or S4
 Are the sounds regular or irregular
 Assess for a pulse deficit
 Apical and radial pulse rates should match

51
Q

Palpation (Apical pulse)

A

Palpable in about half of adults
 Not palpable in obese or people with thick chest walls
 High cardiac output states
 Apical impulse increase in amplitude and duration
 Anxiety, fever, hyperthyroidism, anemia
 Displaced to the left in heart failure

51
Q
A
52
Q
A
52
Q

Auscultation (carotid cartery)

A

Use the bell of stethoscope
 Better for higher grade stenosis
 Have client take a breath, exhale,
and hold it briefly for < 10 seconds
while you listen
 Listening for Bruits
 Place the bell of stethoscope near
upper end of thyroid cartilage,
below the angle of the jaw
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=MosbyMD&name=carotid-
bruit.jpg&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fcarotid%2Bbruit

NUR 502 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions