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CNUR 107 > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal lobe

A

problem solving, emotional traits, reasoning, speaking, voluntary activity

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2
Q

temporal lobe

A

understanding, behaviour, memory, hearing

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3
Q

Brainstem

A

breathing, body temp, digestion, alertness/sleep, swallowing

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4
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance, coordination and control of voluntary movements, fine muscle control

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5
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision, color perception

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6
Q

Parietal lobe

A

knowing right from left, sensation, reading, body orientation

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7
Q

Central nervous system involves

A

spinal cord, brain, cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic (Voluntary) sensory and motor
Automatic: sympathetic (fight or flight) Parasympathetic (maintain normal body function)

(includes all the the nerves that branch out from the brain and spinal cord and extend to other parts of the body muscles and organs) sends info to spinal cord

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9
Q

Brain cerebrum includes

A

2 hemispheres, 4 functional lobes

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10
Q

what does the cerebrum control

A

sensory, touch, sight, hearing, taste, smell, voluntary movement, learning, memorizing, language, speech, personality

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11
Q

What are the 4 lobes in brain cerebrum

A

frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

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12
Q

Wernicke area

A

Area in temporal lobe assoc. with language comprehension
If damaged will cause ‘Receptive Aphasia’
Person hears language but sounds like foreign language

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13
Q

Brocas area

A

In frontal lobe
Mediates motor speech
When injured “Expressive Aphasia” results
Persons knows what they want to say and understand but it comes out garbled.

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14
Q

Midbrain contains

A

-motor and sensory tract
-neurons that produce dopamine
-cranial nerves CNIII, CNIV

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15
Q

Pons

A

Involved in skeletal muscles for breathing
-contains CNV, CNVI, CNII, CNVIII

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16
Q

Medulla

A

involved with atomic functions like breathing, BP, digestion, sneezing, swallowing
-sensory and motor neurons
CN VIII, CN IX, CNX, CNXI, CNXII

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17
Q

The spinal cord contains

A

Ascending and descending fibre tract, nerve cell bodies with anterior posterior horns, sensory pathways, motor pathways

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18
Q

Acending tracts are

A

sensory – deliver info to brain

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19
Q

Descending tracts are

A

motor – deliver info to periphery

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20
Q

Left cerebral cortex

A

receives sensory info from and controls motor function to the right side of the body

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21
Q

Right cerebral cortex

A

receives sensory info from and controls motor function to the left side of body

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22
Q

There are sensory receptors in

A

skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons & viscera

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23
Q

Where do sensations travel through

A

the afferent fibers in the peripheral nerve, then through the posterior root to the spinal cord

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24
Q

2 pathways in the spinal cord

A

spinothalamic tract, Posterior dorsal

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25
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

Fibres that transmit sensations: pain, temp, light or crude touch

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26
Q

Posterior dorsal

A

Fibres that conduct position, vibration, finely localized touch

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27
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

directs contraction of skeletal muscle

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28
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

directs the activity of glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

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29
Q

4 types of reflexes

A

deep tendon
superficial
visceral
pathological (abnormal)

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30
Q

what part of the nervous system are reflexes involved in

A

peripheral

30
Q

what is happening when tapping of tendons happen

A

Tapping tendon activates the sensory afferent nerve – message travels through the dorsal root into spinal cord and synapse directly with the motor neuron = travels to muscle to stimulate contraction

31
Q

why do we assess reflexes

A

intact sensory nerve (afferent)
- functional synapse in the cord
- intact motor nerve fiber (efferent)
- a neuromuscular junction
- competent muscle
- reveals the intactness of reflex arc at specific spinal levels

32
Q

Visceral reflexes

A

Monitored & mediated by autonomic nerves & initiated in the viscera (internal organs eg. peristalsis

33
Q

Superficial reflex

A

abdominal and plantar

34
Q

Deep tendon reflex

A

“Normal response”
-Bicep
-Tricep
-Quad
-Achillies

35
Q

Bicep reflex

A

(intactness of the reflex arc at spinal levels C5 to C6)
Response: contraction of bicep muscle & flexion of forearm

36
Q

Tricep reflex

A

(intactness of the reflex arc at spinal levels C7 to C8)
-response is extension of forearm

37
Q

Quadracep reflex

A

(intactness of the reflex arc at spinal levels L2 to L4)
Response: extension of lower leg & contraction of quadricep

38
Q

Achillies reflex

A

(intactness of the reflex arc at spinal levels L5 to S2)
Response: foot plantar flex

39
Q

DTR scale (rate reflex)

A

4+ very brisk, hyperactive with clonus – disease (upper motor neuron disease)
3+ brisker than average, may indicate disease
2+ average, normal
1+ diminished, low normal
0 no response (lower motor neuron disease)

40
Q

Abdominal reflex

A

T8-T10 above umbilicus
T10-T12 below umbilicus

41
Q

Superficial plantar response

A

(L4-S2)
Plantar flexion

42
Q

Babski response

A

Dorsi flexion of toe can indicate upper motor neuron disease

43
Q

Dermatones

A

Sensory nerves gives sensation to the skin which are called dermatomes
Dermatomes exist for each spinal nerve
Sensory info from a specific dermatome is transmitted by a sensory nerve fiber to spinal nerve of a specific segment of the spinal cord

44
Q

Cranial nerve I

A

Olfactory

45
Q

Craial nerve II

A

Optic

46
Q

cranial nerve III

A

Oculomotor

47
Q

Cranial nerve IV

A

Trochlear

48
Q

Cranial nerve V

A

Trigeminal

49
Q

Cranial nerve VI

A

Abducens

50
Q

Cranial nerve VII

A

facial

51
Q

Cranial nerve VIII

A

Acoustic

52
Q

Cranial nerve IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

53
Q

Cranial nerve X

A

Vagus

54
Q

Cranial nerve XI

A

Spinal accessory

55
Q

Cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglassal

56
Q

cranial nerves in Cerebral hemisphere

A

I, II

57
Q

Cranial nerves in midbrain

A

II, IV

58
Q

Cranial nerves in Pons

A

V, VI, VII, VIII

59
Q

Cranial nerves in Medualla

A

IX, X, XI, XII

60
Q

How to test Cranial nerve I (olfactory)

A

(sensory)
Assess nasal patency, one nare at a time.
Occlude one nostril and present a scent (i.e. toothpaste)

61
Q

How to test Cranial nerve II: Optic

A

(sensory)
Test vidual acuity snellen eye, confrontation test, peripheral vision

62
Q

How to test cranial nerves III, IV, VI

A

III (mixed)
IV (motor) down and up
VI (Motor) lateral
Eye movements
Assess pupils

63
Q

How to test cranial nerve V

A

Light tough sensation by brushing cotton on forehead, (opthamlic division of the trigeminal nerve), cheeks (maxillary division) and chin (mandibular division)

64
Q

How to test VII

A

(facial)
Mobility and facial symmetry

65
Q

How to test cranial nerve VIII

A

Acoustic sensory
Whisper voice test

66
Q

test IX and X

A

Motor: Depress the tongue w/ a tongue blade and note pharyngeal movement (ahhhhh, or yawns).
Uvula and soft palate should rise at midline and tonsillar pillars should move medially.
Touch posterior pharyngeal wall w/ tongue blade – note gag reflex.
Sensory: Taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue. Too difficult to test.

67
Q

Testing Cranial nerve XI

A

Examine sternomastoid muscle and trapezius muscles for equal size & strength
Ask patient to rotate head forcibly against resistance applied to the chin
Ask patient to shrug shoulders against resistance.

68
Q

cerebellar functions tests for balance

A

Gait

Tandem walking (heel to toe walking)

Romberg test

Shallow knee bend

69
Q

Cerebellar tests for coordinations

A

Rapid alternating movements – pat knees w/ back of the hands and pad of hands
or you can:
Touch thumb to each finger on same hand

Finger-to-finger test – Patient eyes are open and they reaches out to touch your finger and then to his/her own nose

Finger-to-nose test - Patients eyes are closed and stretch arms forward, repeatedly touch their own nose, alternating hands

Heel-to-shin test – Patient supine, run heel up along opposite shin

70
Q

when testing sensory system make sure:

A

Person is alert, cooperative, and comfortable
Adequate attention span
Compare side to side
Avoid leading questions (i.e. “Can you feel that light feather?”
Eyes should be closed

71
Q

Tactile discrimination (Fine touch) Tests

A

Stereognosis – object recognition
Graphesthesia – read a number tracing

72
Q

Position (kinesthesia)

A

ability to perceive passive movement – move finger/toe up or down & ask which way it is moved (pt has eyes closed)

73
Q

Common neurological problems in elderly

A

Epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, dementia & Alzheimer’s are increased in older adulthood.

Falls are common, followed by car accidents

Language changes, hearing loss, taste and smell changes

Balance & emotional changes - Difference in gait

CNUR 107 (5 decks)

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