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CNUR 107 > EENT > Flashcards

EENT Flashcards

1
Q

Lacrimal sac

A

the Sac at the side of your eye

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2
Q

Lacramal Gland

A

Gland that is in-between eye brow and eye ball

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3
Q

Order of light passing through

A

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous body then strike the retina

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4
Q

What happens in the retina

A

light stimulus is converted into nerve impulses and send to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe. Image on retina is upside down (reversed)

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5
Q

Opticc chasm

A

– this is where crossing over occurs; the right side of the brain views the left side of the world.

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6
Q

Presbyopia

A

issues with near vision

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7
Q

Who is most likely to get glaucoma

A

African descent have
three to six times higher rate of glaucoma

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8
Q

Macular degeneration

A

breakdown of cells in the macula of the retina loss of central vision, area of clearest vision is the most common cause of blindness

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9
Q

Cataract formation

A

lens opacity is clumping of protein the dense common at age 70

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10
Q

Glaucoma

A

An increased in introcukar pressure damage optic nerve and gradual loss of peripheral vision. Irreversible

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11
Q

Diabetic retinopy

A

caused by high blood sugar due to diabetes.

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12
Q

Risk factors for Glaucoma

A

Age > 60 years
African descent
Female gender
Increased intraocular pressure
Family history
Steroid use
Decreased central corneal thickness
Hypertension
Eye injury
Severe myopia
Diabetes
Use of certain medications

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13
Q

Subjective questions

A

Vision difficulties
Pain
Stabismus/Diplopia
Reddness/Swelling
Watering/Discharge
History of Ocular problems
Glaucoma
Use of glasses or contact lenses
Self-care behaviors
Mediations
Coping with visual changes or vision loss

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14
Q

equipment

A

Snellen eye chart
Handheld visual screener
Opaque card or occluder
Penlight
Applicator stick
Ophthalmoscope

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15
Q

when do you do the Jaegar card

A

Patients over 40

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16
Q

How to test for visual confrontation

A

You stand at eye level about 60cm away from client
Client covers one eye with an opaque card and look straight at the examiner with the other eye
Examiner holds pencil or use finger as a mid-line between them and the client
Examiner advances finger as different direction peripherally
Ask client to say “now” when target is seen.

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17
Q

External inspection

A

Eyelid, lashes, brows, eyeball alignment, conjunctiva and sclera
=Bilaterally, move symmetrically, no lesions, no swelling,

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18
Q

External Ocular structure

A

Inspection of
Conjunctiva & sclera
Eyeball is moist &glossy
Blood vessels on transparent conjunctiva
Clear pink lower eyelids
White sclera
Assess pallor & cyanosis of lower eyelid

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19
Q

Ptosis

A

Neuromuscular weakness or sympathetic nerve damage CNIII

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20
Q

External ear

A

Auricle[pinna], External auditory canal, Ear drum [Tympanic membrane ]

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21
Q

Middle ear

A

Auditory ossicles(malleus, incus, stapes); Eustachian tube

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22
Q

Inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth, Vestibule, Semicircular canals, and Cochlea

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23
Q

Tragus

A

The little floppy part by your lobe

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24
Q

Helix

A

The top fold skin of ar

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25
Q

Job of external ear

A

Acoustic Antenna
Pinna focuses sound waves into the external auditory canal (ear canal)
Acts as a resonato

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26
Q

What separates the external and middle ear

A

The tympanic membrane

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27
Q

The tympani membrane is

A

Pearly gray structure and oval shape
Semi transparent
Moves in response to sound and vibrations which are transmitted via the ossicles to the inner ear

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28
Q

3 Layers of tympanic membrane

A
  1. Pars Flaccida 2. Pars Tensa 3. Umbo
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29
Q

Function of middle ear

A

Transmits sound vibrations to inner ear
Protects auditory apparatus in inner ear by reducing amplitude of loud sound
Equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane (Eustachian Tube)

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30
Q

Three bones in middle ear

A

malleus, incus, stapes

31
Q

Why are children more prone to ear infections

A

Shorter, wider, & more horizontal eustachian:
- makes it easier for bacteria to travel
from throat to middle ear

32
Q

Hearing process

A

-Peripheral
-Basilar membrane
-receptor
-Crania Nerve VIII

32
Q

Importance of the inner ear

A

bony labyrinth holds sensory organs for equilibrium & hearing
bony labyrinth has the semicircular canals & vestibule - vestibular apparatus - maintain equilibrium
cochlea – contains central hearing apparatus

33
Q

Peripheral Transmission

A

transmission of sound waves which vibrates on ear drum; middle ear sends sound waves to cochlea )
Amplitude of sound (loudness)
Frequency is the pitch (high

34
Q

Basilar membrane

A

has organ of Corti (sensory organ of hearing in inner ear). change sound waves to electrical impulse

35
Q

Receptor cells

A

cells transform sound waves into electric impulse

36
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII

A

sends electrical impulses to brain stem to identify sound

37
Q

Causes of hearing loss

A

impacted cerumen, foreign bodies, perforated eardrum, pus or serum in middle ear, otosclerosis (reduced movement of ossicles

38
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

is pathological damage to the inner ear, cranial nerve VIII, or auditory areas of cerebral cortex.

39
Q

Presbycusis

A

gradual nerve degeneration with aging or ototoxic medications

40
Q

Vertigo

A

is inflamed labyrinth causing staggering gait and a strong spinning, whirling sensation.

40
Q

Equilibrium

A

Equilibrium maintained by semicircular canals or labyrinth in inner ear by sending information to the brain about body’s position in space

41
Q

Otisis Externa

A

Swimmers ear, red swelling =, discharge scales

42
Q

Tophus

A

Small white, yellow hard nodules near helix

43
Q

Which ear do you do first with otoscope

A

the non effected one

44
Q

For adult inspection of ear

A

pull pina up and back

45
Q

For children under 3 inspection external ear you must

A

pull pinna back

46
Q

Cerumen

A

yellow waxy material that lubricates and protects the ear

47
Q

Dry cerumen appears to be

A

grey, flaky and frequently forms a thin mass in the ear canal
Wet cerumen is honey brown to dark brown and moist.

48
Q

Hearing damage may occur at

A

85 edibles

49
Q

Drugs affecting cochlea can lead to

A

Hearing loss

49
Q

deviated septum

A

when the septum is shifted away from the midline.

50
Q

Septum

A

“wall” that separates nasal cavities

51
Q

Lateral wall of nasal cavity

A

3 turbinates - superior, middle & inferior - job - more surface area - warm, humidify & filter inhaled air.

52
Q

Rhinitis

A

Someone may have chronic allergies and problem with rhinitis.

52
Q

What should I see in the nasal cavity

A

Reddish colour, smooth and moist nasal mucosa

53
Q

What would the mucosa look like with upper respiratory infection

A

Nasal mucosa – swollen & bright red
Discharge – watery, copious, thick, purulent, green-yellow, slightly blood tinged

54
Q

What would chronic respiratory infection look like

A

Nasal mucosa – swollen, boggy, pale or gray

55
Q

4 sinuses

A

frontal (accessible)
maxillary(accessible)
ethmoid
sphenoid
(Use thumbs to palpate)

56
Q

Roof of mouth

A

hard palate - located anteriorly - mostly bone (whitish color) & has ridges
soft palate - located posteriorly - muscle which is pinker, smoother & can move

57
Q

Oral cavity contains

A

teeth, gums, tongue and salivary glands

58
Q

Buccal mucosa

A

the side of the mouth (cheeks)

59
Q

dorsal and ventral surface of the tongue

A

Dorsal: Surface
Ventral: Bottom

59
Q

Candidiasis

A

Yeast in the mouth

60
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty with swallowing

61
Q

Dysarthria

A

difficulty with speech

62
Q

Stenens duct

A

opening of parotid salary glad (small dimple opposite upper 2nd molar

63
Q

Aphthous ulcer

A

canker sore

64
Q

gum colour

A

Light skinned individuals – color – pale pinkish/reddish
Dark skinned individuals – color – patchy brown pigmentation

65
Q

Gingivitis

A

Gums – red, swollen, & bleed easily
Caused by poor oral hygiene or poor fitting dentures

66
Q

Gingival Hyperplasia

A

-Happens at puberty, pregnancy, leukaemia, and phenytoin (Swollen)

67
Q

Meth Mouth

A

Extensive dental caries
Gingivitis
Tooth Cracking

67
Q

Dental caries

A

-destruction of texth decaying look chalky and white

68
Q

Throat (Pharynx)

A

Oropharnyx, tonsils, nasopharynx

CNUR 107 (5 decks)

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