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PMHNP Boards > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Name all portions of the limbic system (4)

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Anterior Cingulate
  4. Cerebellum
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2
Q

Focuses on
a. aggression
b. fear/anxiety
c. emotions

A

What does the amygdala do?

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3
Q

It focuses on emotions, stress, learning, and memory.

A

What does the hippocampus do?

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4
Q

This part of the brain focuses on cognitive function, decision making, empathy/impulse, and emotions?

A

Anterior cingulate

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5
Q

It focuses on maintenance of balance and posture.

A

What does the Cerebellum do?

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6
Q

Depression in older adults.
Symptoms also include irritability, agitation, hallucinations, and delusionals

A

Pseudodementia definition

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7
Q

What kind of screening should you do for pseudodementia?

A

Do cognitive screening.
Primary dx is depression and they are often confused with dementia related symptoms.

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8
Q

Early signs of HIV dementia

A
  1. Cognitive decline
  2. Motor + Behavioral abnormalities
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9
Q

What are the steps to do with a patient who has early signs of HIV dementia from IV drug use?

A
  1. Order HIV test
  2. Then remove anti-retroviral therapy treatment.
  3. Refer PCP.
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10
Q

This is a brain disorder that can lead to problems with thinking, movement, behavior, and mood.
Common symptom is recurrent VH.

A

Lewy Body disease

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11
Q

Pick’s disease is what part of the brain?

A
  1. Frontotemporal (dementia)
  2. Frontal Lobe (dementia)
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12
Q
  1. Personality
  2. Behavioral
  3. Language changes
  4. Also effects social skills
A

Early stages of Pick’s disease

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13
Q

What does frontal lobe dementia cause?

A

It causes inappropriate social behavior and aggression.

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14
Q

Huntington’s Disease is also known as?

A

Subcortical Dementia

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15
Q

Huntington’s disease is characterized by what?

A
  1. Mostly characterized by motor abnormalities.
  2. Psychomotor slowing and difficulty with complex tasks.
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16
Q

What is produced in the locus coruleus and medullary reticular formation

A

Where is norepinephrine produced?

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17
Q

Raphe nuclei of the brainstem

A

Where is serotonin produced?

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18
Q
  1. Substantia nigra (regulates motor movement)
  2. Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  3. Nucleus Accumbens
A

Where is Dopamine produced?

19
Q

Is synthesized by the basal nucleus of Meynert.

A

Acetylcholine-where is it synthesized?

20
Q

What are the four dopamine pathways?

A
  1. Mesolimbic
  2. Mesocortical
  3. Nigrostriatal
  4. Tuberoinfundibular
21
Q

Hyperactivity of dopamine mesolimbic pathway mediates what?

A

It mediates positive psychotic symptoms.

22
Q

Decreased dopamine in the mesocortical pathway is responsible for what?

A

It is responsible for negative and depressive symptoms of schizophrenia.

23
Q

Mesocortical pathway is projected where?

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
(Meso and dorso kinda rhyme)

24
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway is responsible for what?

A

It mediates motor movements.

25
Q

Dopamine blockage in the nigrostriatal pathway can lead to what increased neurotransmitters? And what symptoms does it cause?

A
  1. Increased acetylcholine levels.
  2. Increased salivation, teary eyes, and akathisia.
26
Q

In the nigrostriatal pathway, what can metoclopramide (Reglan) cause?

A

It can cause EPS symptoms like TD and parkinsonism.

27
Q

Increase in acetylcholine and decrease dopamine levels. This can lead to what?

A

EPS

28
Q

Blockage of D2 receptors in this pathway can lead to increase prolactin levels which lead to hyperprolactinemia.

A

Tuberoinfundibular pathway

29
Q

Due to the tuberoinfundibular pathway, high levels of prolactin, this can include symptoms of? (4 of them)

A
  1. Amenorrhea
  2. Galactorrhea
  3. Sexual dysfunction
  4. Gynecomastia
30
Q

Long-term hyperprolactinemia can be associated with what?

A

Osteoporosis

31
Q

Prolactin levels
Men and Women

A

Men = less than 20ng/ml
Women = less than 25ng/ml

32
Q

Positive symptoms from excess dopamine between VTA and NA, antipsychotics decrease dopamine and therefore decrease positive symptoms (hallucinations).

A

Mesolimbic pathway

33
Q

Dopamine going from VTA to cortex schizophrenia = decreased dopamine = negative symptoms (pleasure, facial expression, emotion)

A

Mesocortical pathway

34
Q

Dopamine going from Substantia Nigra to Striatum = mediates motor movements.

We induce PARKINSONIAN symptoms if antipsychotic makes dopamine decrease.

A

Nigrostrial pathway

35
Q

Parkinsonian symptoms and treatment

A

Decreased dopamine = cog wheel rigidity, resting tremors, shuffling gait.

Treatment = anticholinergic

36
Q

Pathway between hypothalamus and pituitary gland

A

Tuberoinfundibular pathway

37
Q

In the Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Too much dopamine = ??

A

Decreased prolactin

38
Q

Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Decreased dopamine =??

A

Increased prolactin which also = galactorrhea and amenorrhea

39
Q

EPS symptoms include: (4 of them)

A
  1. Dystopia
  2. Akathesia
  3. Parkinsonism
  4. TD
40
Q

Dystonia symptoms and tx

A
  1. Sustained muscular contraction
  2. Ocuogynic crisis
  3. Treatment = anticholinergic
41
Q

Akathesia definition and treatment

A
  1. Restlessness, pacing, tapping (ants in the pants)
  2. Treatment = beta blockers
42
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia symptoms and treatment

A
  1. Lip-tongue smacking, repetitive, & uncontrolled.
  2. Treatment = d/c antipsychotic and +/- Clozapine
43
Q

Neurological Malignant Syndrome symptoms

A
  1. Confusion
  2. Muscle rigidity
  3. Fever
  4. Tachycardia
44
Q

NMS causes rhabdo. What Labs to check?

A
  1. CK
  2. K
  3. WBCs

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