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NEURO Flashcards

1
Q

Resistance determined by the angle and velocity of motion

A

Spasticity
—> corticospinal tract disease

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2
Q

Similar resistance in all angles of motion

A

Rigidity
—> extrapyramidal disease

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3
Q

Fluctuating changes in resistance

A

Paratonia

—> frontal lobe
—> normal diff in relaxing

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4
Q

passive motion elicits jerky interruptions in resistance

A

Cog wheel rigidity

—> Parkinsonism

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5
Q

Unilateral or bilateral weakness of the upper limb extensors and lower limb flexors

A

Pyramidal weakness

—> pyramidal tract

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6
Q

Superficial Reflexes
Abdominal Reflexes
Primitive Reflexes
Decreased tone

A

UMN
UMN
Frontal lobe
LMN

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7
Q

Cortical sensation (integration of the primary sensory modalities) is mediated by the

A

Parietal lobe

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8
Q

A. Identification of an object by touch and manipulation alone
B. identification of numbers or letters written on the skin surface

A

A. Stereognosis
B. Graphestesia

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9
Q

A. Decreased arm swing on one side
B. Stooped posture and short stepped gait
C. Broad-based unstable gait (ataxia)
D. Scissoring
E. High-stepped, slapping gait
F. Patient appears to be stuck in place

A

A. corticospinal tract disease
B. Parkinsonism
C. Ataxia
D. Spasticity
E. posterior column or peripheral nerve disease
F. Apraxia with frontal lobe disease

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10
Q

Abnormal motor movements begin in a very restricted region such as the fingers and gradually progress (over seconds to minutes) to include a larger portion of the extremity

A

Jacksonian March

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11
Q

Localized paresis for minutes to hours in the involved region following the seizure

A

Todd’s paralysis

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12
Q

Seizures that continue for hours or days

A

Epilepsia partialis continua

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13
Q

generalized symmetric 3-Hz spike-and-wave discharge that begins and ends suddenly on a normal EEG background

A

Typical Absence Seizure
- can be provoked by hyperventilation

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14
Q

EEG: generalized slow spike-and-wave pattern with frequency of ≤ 2.5/s + other abnormal activity

A

Atypical Absence Seizure

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15
Q

progresalve increase generalized low-voltage fast activity —> generalized high-ampitude
polyspike discharges

A

Initial phase of Generalized, tonic-clonic
> (+) sympathetic response: elevated HR and BP, larger pupillary size

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16
Q

high-amplitude activity interrupted by slow waves to create a spike-and-wave pattern

A

Clonic Phase of Generalized tonic-clonic
10-20s

17
Q

EEG: diffuse slowing that gradually recovers as the patient awakens

A

Post ictal phase

18
Q

EEG: brief generalized spike-and-wave discharges → immediate diffuse slow waves

A

Atonic Seizures

19
Q

EEG: bilaterally synchronous spike-and-wave discharges

A

Myoclonic
Predominant feature of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy

20
Q

EEG: hypsarrhythmia (diffuse giant slow waves with a chaotic background of irregular, multifocal spikes and sharp waves) with marked suppression of the EEG background (the “electrodecremental response”) during the clinical spasm

EMG: characteristic rhomboid pattern (distinguishes spasms from brief tonic and myoclonic seizures)

A

Epileptic spams
Predom in infants

21
Q

Stroke

A. Primarily increase the risk of cortical vein or cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
B. predispose for acute ischemic stroke due to large-vessel occlusion.
C. venous and arterial occlusive events

A

A. Hypercoagulable disorders
B. Covid 19
C. DIC

22
Q

A stroke that involves the lateral or sagittal sinus or small cortical veins

A

Venous sinus thrombosis

Mgt: ANTICOAGULATION
HEPARIN

23
Q

Affects cervical arteries, mainly women

multiple rings of segmental narrowing alternating with dilatation in carotid or vertebral arteries

Often asymptomatic but occasionally is associated with an audible bruit, TIAs, or stroke

A

FMD

Anticoagulation or Aspirin

24
Q

relatively common in the ELDERLY
Pathology:
- subacute granulomatous inflammation of external carotid system, particularly temporal arteries
- If with occlusion of posterior ciliary arteries (from ophthalmic artery) → blindness (mono or both)

A

Temporal (giant cell) arteritis

Glucocorticoids

25
Q

Idiopathic giant cell arteritis involving great vessels arising from the aortic arch
- May cause carotid or vertebral thrombosis (rare in the western hemisphere)

A

Takayasu’s arteritis

26
Q

Occurs alone or may be associated with generalized PAN or Wegener’s (granulomatosis with polyanglitis)
囗 Distal small branches (<2 mm diameter) of the main intracranial arteries
口 Small ischemic infarcts in the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord CSF often shows pleocytosis, and the protein level is elevated

A

Necrotizing or granulomatous arteritis

27
Q

rare condition affecting small or medium- sized vessels without apparent systemic vasculitis.

A

Primary CNS Vasculitis

28
Q

口 Phenyipropanolamine →
口Cocaine and methamphetamine →

A

口 intracranial hemorrhage

口 drug-induced vasculopathy

29
Q

> Occlusive disease of large intracranial arteries (distal ICA, stem of the MCA, ACA)
No vascular inflammation
Lenticulostriate arteries develop rich collateral circulation around the occlusive lesion giving the impression of a “puff of smoke” on conventional x-ray angiography
• Occurs mainly in Asian children or young adults
- Appearance may be identical in adults who have atherosclerosis, particularly in association with DM
- Breakdown of dilated lenticulostriate arteries may produce intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- Progressive occlusion of large surface arteries can occur, producing large-artery distribution strokes

A

Moyamoya disease

30
Q

Von-Hippel-Lindau

A

Pheochromocytoma
Renal cell carcinma
Hemangioblastoma

31
Q

Chromosomes and diseases

A. Chromosome 3
B. NF2 (Ch 22)
C. NOTCH 3
D. TSC1

A

A. VHL
B. Neurofibromatosis Type II
C. CADASIL (Cerebral AD arterioparhy with Subcortical Infarcts)
D. Tuberculous Sclerosis (

IM (7 decks)

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