HEMA Flashcards
Inhibits both ALK and ROS 1 tyrosine kinases, commonly constitutively active in certain NSCLC
Crizotinib
HDAC inhibitor, epigenetic modulation
Vorinostat
Commonly used in cutaneous T cell lymphoma
Competitive inhibitor of ATP-binding site of the EGFR
Erlotinib
- used in NSCLC
inhibits proteolytic degradation of multiple cellular proteins as proteasome inhibitor;
Bortezomib
- Used in multiple myeloma
Inhibits Rank Ligand, primary signal for bone removal
Denosumab
Binds to HER2 on tumor cell surface and induces receptor internalization
Trastuzumab
-used in breast cancer
Blocks PDGFR-a
Olaratumab
-used in soft tissue sarcomas
Binds to CD38 on MM cells causing apoptosis by antibody-dependent or complement-mediated cytotoxicity
Daratumumab
Gene mutation commonly seen in:
Gliomas
AML
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Isocitrate dehydrogenase I and 2 (IHD 1 and IHD 2)
- lead to the production of 2HG instead of the normal product alpha-ketoglutarate
Gene mutation commonly seen in melanoma
BRAF
> also in nonHL, thyroid Ca, ovarian Ca, Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer
Gene mutation that facilitate tumoral adaptation to hypoxia
HIF1 mutation
- seen in bladder, brain, breast, and others
Most common side effect of VEGF inhibitors
Hypertension
Rare but serious potential risk of VEGF inhibitor
Arterial thromboembolic events (stroke, MI)
Hemorrhage
Bowel perforation
Inhibition of wound healing
Monoclonal antibodies against target antigens
Rituximab
Anti-CD20
Monoclonal antibodies against target antigens
Alemtuzumab
Anti CD52
Monoclonal antibodies against target antigens
Blinatumomab
Anti-CD19
Monoclonal antibodies against target antigens
Moxetumumab
Anti CD 22
Monoclonal antibodies against target antigens
Brentuximab
Anti CD30
MOA of Bevacizumab
Inhibits VEGF to block angiogenesis
MOA of Denosumab
Inhibits RANK LIGAND
MOA of Everolimus
Inhibits MTOR
Venetoclax
Inhibits Bcl-2
Methotrexate toxicity
Diarrhea
Stomatitis
Myelosuppression
Methotrexate toxicity is augmented by
renal dysfunction
Drugs: salicylates, probenecid, NSAIDs
Leucovorin lessen the toxicity of
Methotrexate
Mesna lessen the toxicity of
Cyclophosphamide
Dexrazoxane lessen the toxicity of
Doxorubicin
Vitamin B12 and folic acid lessen the toxicity of
Pemetrexed
Agents used clinically to mobilize marrow hematopoietic stem cells for transplant
Plerixafor
GCSF
=macrocyclic compounds that can block CXCR4
Transcription factor associated with
Self-renewal
Homeobox or Hox
HoxB4- capable of self-renewal of stem cells through its DNA binding motif.
- associated with leukemia
Transcription factor associated with
Normal determination of segment identity in the developing embryo
Asx11
- associated with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Transcription factor associated with
Chromatin remodeling
BMI1
- major component of the polycomb group complex 1 (PRV1)
- associated with mantle cell lymphoma and leukemia
Transcription factor associated with
epigenetic modifiers
DNMT3A
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Hereditary Spherocytosis
: molecular studies demonstrating mutation in what gene
ANK1
- encoding ankyrin
- account for majority of HS
BM Morphology:
Fatty replacement with hematopoietic cells occupying <25% of the marrow space
Aplastic Anemia
BM Morphology
• Normal or hypercellular marrow
• Dyserythropoietic changes (especially nuclear abnormalities) and ringed sideroblasts in the erythroid lineage
• Hypogranulation and hyposegmentation in granulocytic precursors, with possible increase in myeloblasts
• Megakaryocytes showing reduced numbers of or disorganized nuclei
Myelodysplastic Anemia
BM Morphology
Proliferation of plasma cells in
BM: large pleomorphic cells with eccentric nuclei and perinuclear clearing, prominent nucleoli, some having a cartwheel configuration
Multiple Myeloma
BM MORPHOLOGY
Classic Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large binucleated cells with abundant cytoplasm,
pathognomonic for Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Classic triad of PNH
Hemolytic Anemia
Pancytopenia
Venous thrombosis
Deficiency of these proteins in PNH making them vulnerable to complement-mediated destruction of RBCs
CD 55 and CD 59
-due to shortage in Glycolipid molecule GP1 (mutation in PIGA gene)
Confirmatory diagnostic for PNH using FLAER
At least 5% rbc and 20% of granulocytes are CD55 and CD 59 negative
Diminished cell in Aplastic Anemia
CS 34+ (hematopoietic stem cells
