NEURO Flashcards
1
Q
Two main parts of nervous system
A
CNS & PNS
2
Q
Main centers of the cns
A
brain and spinal cord
3
Q
Covering of the spinal cord and brain
A
Meninges
4
Q
What are excitable nerve cells
A
Neurons
5
Q
Specialized tissue supporting the neurons
A
Neuroglia
6
Q
It is composed of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia
A
White matter
7
Q
Part of the nervous system that innervates the body’s involuntary structures
A
ANS
8
Q
2 Division of ANS
A
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
9
Q
Part of ANS that prepares the body for an emergency
A
Sympathetic
10
Q
Part of ans that aims to conserve and restore energy
A
Parasympathetic
11
Q
What are the meninges surrounding the spinal cord
A
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
12
Q
The spinal cord tapers off into the
A
Conus medullaris
13
Q
Prolongation of Pia Mater
A
Filum terminale
14
Q
3 main divisions of the brain
A
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
15
Q
Parts of brainstem
A
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
16
Q
Inner core of the spinal cord
A
gray matter
17
Q
The anterior and posterior gray columns or horns of spinal cord is united by a thin ___ that contains the small central canal
A
Gray commisure
18
Q
Parts of hindbrain
A
Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla oblongata
19
Q
The cerebellum consists of two laterally placed hemispheres connected by a median portion called
A
Vermis
20
Q
The central part of Forebrain
A
Diencephalon
21
Q
Largest part of the brain
A
Cerebrum
22
Q
The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres which are connected by a mass of white matter called the
A
Corpus Callosum
23
Q
Fan-shaped collection of nerve fibers
A
Corona radiata
24
Q
Tailed nucleus situated on the medial side of the internal capsule
A
Caudate nucleus
25
Lens-shaped nucleus on the lateral side of the internal capsule
Lentiform nucleus
26
The lateral ventricles communicate c the third ventricle through the __
Interventricular foramina
27
Pure sensory nerves
1, 2, and 8
28
Pure motor nerves
3, 4, 6, 11, and 12
29
Mixed sensory and motor nerves
5, 7, 9, and 10
30
PNS is divided into
Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric nervous system
31
Brain of the Gut
Enteric nervous system
32
Functions of the nervous system
Sensory input, integration, and motor output
33
It suspends the organelles
Perikaryon
34
Responsible for synthesizing proteins
Nissl substance
35
Conducts impulses away form the cell body
Axon
36
Cell body that has a single neurite that divides a short distance from cell body
Unipolar neurons
37
Elongated cell body with single neurite emerging from either end of cell body
Bipolar neurons
38
Has a number of neurites arising from the cell body
Multipolar neurons
39
Inhibitory released by the neurons in the Substancia nigra
Dopamine
40
Glial cell that forms a supporting framework for the nn cells and nn fibers
Astrocyte
41
Serve as a scaffolding for the migration of immature neurons
Astrocyte
42
2 types of Astrocytes
Fibrous and Protoplasmic astrocytes
43
Type of neuroglia that has the capability to regenerate under certain circumstances
Macroglia
44
Responsible for myelin sheath formation in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
45
Glial cell that is responsible for immune surveillance in the CNS
Microglia
46
Scavengers of the CNS
Microglia
47
Cells that line the cavities of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
Ependyma
48
Types of Ependymal cells
Ependymocytes, tanyctes, and choroidal epithelial cells
49
Three cell layers in the embryo
Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm
50
A thickened epiblast that first appears at the caudal end of the embryo and grows cranially
Primitive streak
51
Groove on the wall of the central canal
Sulcus limitans
52
A plate that gives rise tot he sensory neurons
Alar plate
53
A plate that gives rise to motor neurons
Basal plate
54
Bundle of nn fibers in the cns
Nerve tracts
55
Bundle of nn fibers in the pns
Peripheral nerves
56
It produces and secretes CSF
Choroidal epithelial cells
57
What type of Type A fiber: motor and skeletal mm function
Alpha
58
What type of Type A fibers; Functions: Sensory, touch, and pressure and vibration
Beta
59
This type A nn fiber is for mm spindle
Gamma
60
Type A fibers that is responsible for pain (sharp localized), temperature, and touch
Delta
61
Basic functional unit of nervous system
Neuron
62
Receptor for pain
Free-nerve endings
63
Receptor for cold temperature
Krause end bulb
64
Receptor for hot temperature
Ruffini's Corpuscles
65
Receptors for touch
Merkel's Corpuscle, Meissner's Corpuscle, and Hair follicle
66
Responsible for superficial sensations
Exteroreceptors
67
Pigments found in rods
Rhodopsin
68
Deep sensory receptor sensitive to mm stretch
Muscle spindle / intrafussal muscle fibers
69
Detects mm contraction
Golgi tendon organ
70
Narrow part of the brain that connects forebrain to hindbrain
Midbrain
71
Brain is connected to the spinal cord through the
Foramen magnum
72
2 parts of Cerebrum
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
73
It forms the central core of cerebrum
Diencephalon
74
it forms the cerebral hemispheres
telencephalon
75
Station to all main sensory systems
Thalamus
76
Separates the lateral surface of thalamus to the lentiform nucleus
Internal capsule
77
Involved in the control of muscle activity
Subthalamus
78
Nerve cells found in Subthalamus
Red nuclei and substancia nigra
79
Epithalamus is consists of ___and ___
Habenular nuclei and Pineal gland
80
It is believed to be the center of olfactory integration, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways
Habenular commissure
81
Two types of cells found in Pineal Gland
Pinealocytes and Glial cells
82
Recognized as an important endocrine gland capable of influencing the activities of the pituitary gland
Pineal gland
83
Integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, and plays a vital role in maintaining the body's homeostasis.
Hypothalamus
84
Involved in the regulation of body temperature, body fluids, drives to eat and drink, sexual behavior, and emotion
Hypothalamus
85
Slitlike cleft between the two thalami
Third ventricle
86
Formed by the opening into the cerebral aqueduct
Posterior wall
87
Superior to posterior commissure
Pineal recess
88
Separates the medial surface of the thalamus to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamic sulcus
89
Lateral walls of the third ventricle is connected by the
Interthalamic connection
90
Superior surface of optic chiasma
Lamina terminalis
91
Sulcus found on the inferior and lateral surfaces of cerebral hemisphere
Lateral Sulcus
92
Stems of Lateral sulcus
- Anterior horizontal sulcus
- Anterior ascending sulcus
- Posterior ramus
93
Sulcus that passes downward and anteriorly to on the medial surface to meet the calcarine sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
94
Sulcus found on the medial surface of the hemisphere
Calcarine sulcus
95
It occupies the area posterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral sulcus
Parietal lobe
96
It occupies the area below the lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
97
It occupies the small area behind the parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital lobe
98
Largest commissure of the brain
Corpus callosum
99
Sulcus that separates cingulate gyrus from corpus callosum
Callosal sulcus
100
Sulcus that separates Cingulate gyrus from superior frontal gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
101
Gyrus between the calcarine sulcus and collateral sulcus
Lingual gyrus
102
Collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere
Basal nuclei / basal ganglia
103
Collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere
Basal nuclei / basal ganglia
104
Gray matter of basal nuclei
- corpus striatum
- amygdaloid nucleus
- claustrum
105
Large C-shaped mass of gray matter that is closely related to the lateral ventricle
Caudate nucleus
106
Wedge-shaped mass of gray matter
Lentiform nucleus
107
Parts of corpus callosum
- Rostrum
- Genu
- Body
- Splenium
108
Fibers that lie immediately beneath the cortex and connect adjacent gyri
Short association fibers
109
Collected into named bundles that can be dissected in a formalin-hardened brain
Long association fibers
110
It connects the first motor speech area and the gyri on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe with the cortex of the pole of the temporal lobe
Uncinate fasciculus
111
Largest bundle of nn fibers
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
112
What do you call to the radiating projection of fibers
Corona radiata
113
Two-layered fold of pia mater
Tela Choroidea
114
It controls emotional state, regulation of fat, carbohydrate, and water metabolism
Hypothalamus
115
Plays a role in the release of pituitary hormones
Hypothalamus
116
Focal lesion to this area will produce contralateral hemiparesis
Precentral gyrus
117
Lesion in this area will result in contralateral hemisensory loss
Postcentral gyrus
118
The blockage of the foramen by a cerebral tumor would result in distention of the ventricle, thus producing a type of __
Hydrocephalous
119
Giant pyramidal cells are also known as
Betz cells
120
Sometimes called granule cell because of their small size
Stellate cells
121
Cerebral nerve cells that are concentrated mainly in the deepest cortical layers
Fusiform cells
122
Small, fusiform, and horizontally oriented cells found in the most superficial layers of the cortex
Horizontal cells of Cajal
123
Small, multipolar cells that are present throughout the levels of the cortex
Cells of Martinotti
124
Layer of cerebral cortex that has pyramidal neurons as well as glial cells
Molecular layer (Layer 1)
125
Layer of cerebral cortex that contains small pyramidal neurons and stellate neurons
External granular (layer II)
126
Layer of cerebral cortex that contains small and medium sized pyramidal neurons as well as non-pyramidal neurons
External pyramidal (layer III)
127
It plays an important role in the control of posture and voluntary movement
Basal nuclei
128
Globus pallidus + putamen
Lentiform nucleus
129
Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus
Corpus striatum
130
Caudate nucleus + putamen
Neostriatum
131
Situated lateral to the thalamus
Corpus striatum
132
What does the external capsule separates?
Lentiform nucleus - clastrum
133
Considered part of the limbic system
Amygdaloid nucleus
134
Neurons of the substancia nigra are ___ and ____
Dopaminergic - inhibitory
135
Neurons of the subthalamic nuclei are ___ and ___
glutaminergic - excitatory
136
Main sites for receiving input to the basal nuclei (main afferent portion of the basal ganglia)
Caudate nucleus - putamen / neostriatum
137
Caudate nucleus affectation:
Huntington's Chorea and Sydenham Chorea
138
Manifestation of Substancia nigra lesion
Parkinson's disease
139
Difficulty in initiating and performing new movements
Bradykinesia / bradykinesis
140
Clinical signs of PD
- Kinesia paradoxica
- Micrographia
- Sialorreha
- Festinating gait
- Myerson's Sign
- Dysphagia
- Bradyphrenia
141
Connects cerebral cortex to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)
Corticostriate fibers
142
Connects thalamus to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)
Thalamostriate fibers
143
Connects substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)
Nigrostial fibers
144
Connects brainstem to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)
Brain striatal fibers
145
Corpus striatum efferent fibers:
Striatopallidal and striatonigral fibers
146
Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus (efferent fibers - corpus striatum)
Striatopallidal fibers
147
Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to substantia nigra (efferent fibers - corpus striatum)
Strianogrial Fibes
148
Globus pallidus afferent fibers:
Striatopallidal
149
Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus (globus afferent)
Striatopallidal fibers
150
Efferent fibers of globus pallidus
- ansa lenticularis
- fasciculus lenticularis
- pallidotegmental fibers
- pallidosubthalamic fibers
151
it passes to thalamic nuclei (globus pallidus efferent fibers)
ansa lenticularis
152
passes to the subthalamus (globus pallidus efferent fibers)
fasciculus lenticularis
153
Terminates in the tegmentum of midbrain (globus pallidus efferent fibers)
pallidotegmental fibers
154
passes to the subthalamic nuclei (globus pallidus efferent fibers)
pallidosubthalamic fibers
155
Main excitatory neurotransmitter released from the cerebral cortex to corpus striatum
Glutamate
156
Main excitatory released by Corpus striatum
Ach
157
Main inhibitory within the corpus striatum
GABA
158
Main inhibitory from substantia nigra to corpus striatum
Dopamine
159
Main efferent portion of the basal ganglia
Globus pallidus
160
It controls large subconscious movements
Neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
161
It regulates mm tone
Globus pallidus
