NEURO Flashcards
Two main parts of nervous system
CNS & PNS
Main centers of the cns
brain and spinal cord
Covering of the spinal cord and brain
Meninges
What are excitable nerve cells
Neurons
Specialized tissue supporting the neurons
Neuroglia
It is composed of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia
White matter
Part of the nervous system that innervates the body’s involuntary structures
ANS
2 Division of ANS
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Part of ANS that prepares the body for an emergency
Sympathetic
Part of ans that aims to conserve and restore energy
Parasympathetic
What are the meninges surrounding the spinal cord
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
The spinal cord tapers off into the
Conus medullaris
Prolongation of Pia Mater
Filum terminale
3 main divisions of the brain
Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
Parts of brainstem
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Inner core of the spinal cord
gray matter
The anterior and posterior gray columns or horns of spinal cord is united by a thin ___ that contains the small central canal
Gray commisure
Parts of hindbrain
Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla oblongata
The cerebellum consists of two laterally placed hemispheres connected by a median portion called
Vermis
The central part of Forebrain
Diencephalon
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres which are connected by a mass of white matter called the
Corpus Callosum
Fan-shaped collection of nerve fibers
Corona radiata
Tailed nucleus situated on the medial side of the internal capsule
Caudate nucleus
Lens-shaped nucleus on the lateral side of the internal capsule
Lentiform nucleus
The lateral ventricles communicate c the third ventricle through the __
Interventricular foramina
Pure sensory nerves
1, 2, and 8
Pure motor nerves
3, 4, 6, 11, and 12
Mixed sensory and motor nerves
5, 7, 9, and 10
PNS is divided into
Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric nervous system
Brain of the Gut
Enteric nervous system
Functions of the nervous system
Sensory input, integration, and motor output
It suspends the organelles
Perikaryon
Responsible for synthesizing proteins
Nissl substance
Conducts impulses away form the cell body
Axon
Cell body that has a single neurite that divides a short distance from cell body
Unipolar neurons
Elongated cell body with single neurite emerging from either end of cell body
Bipolar neurons
Has a number of neurites arising from the cell body
Multipolar neurons
Inhibitory released by the neurons in the Substancia nigra
Dopamine
Glial cell that forms a supporting framework for the nn cells and nn fibers
Astrocyte
Serve as a scaffolding for the migration of immature neurons
Astrocyte
2 types of Astrocytes
Fibrous and Protoplasmic astrocytes
Type of neuroglia that has the capability to regenerate under certain circumstances
Macroglia
Responsible for myelin sheath formation in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
Glial cell that is responsible for immune surveillance in the CNS
Microglia
Scavengers of the CNS
Microglia
Cells that line the cavities of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord
Ependyma
Types of Ependymal cells
Ependymocytes, tanyctes, and choroidal epithelial cells
Three cell layers in the embryo
Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm
A thickened epiblast that first appears at the caudal end of the embryo and grows cranially
Primitive streak
Groove on the wall of the central canal
Sulcus limitans
A plate that gives rise tot he sensory neurons
Alar plate
A plate that gives rise to motor neurons
Basal plate
Bundle of nn fibers in the cns
Nerve tracts
Bundle of nn fibers in the pns
Peripheral nerves
It produces and secretes CSF
Choroidal epithelial cells
What type of Type A fiber: motor and skeletal mm function
Alpha
What type of Type A fibers; Functions: Sensory, touch, and pressure and vibration
Beta
This type A nn fiber is for mm spindle
Gamma
Type A fibers that is responsible for pain (sharp localized), temperature, and touch
Delta
Basic functional unit of nervous system
Neuron
Receptor for pain
Free-nerve endings
Receptor for cold temperature
Krause end bulb
Receptor for hot temperature
Ruffini’s Corpuscles
Receptors for touch
Merkel’s Corpuscle, Meissner’s Corpuscle, and Hair follicle
Responsible for superficial sensations
Exteroreceptors
Pigments found in rods
Rhodopsin
Deep sensory receptor sensitive to mm stretch
Muscle spindle / intrafussal muscle fibers
Detects mm contraction
Golgi tendon organ
Narrow part of the brain that connects forebrain to hindbrain
Midbrain
Brain is connected to the spinal cord through the
Foramen magnum
2 parts of Cerebrum
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
It forms the central core of cerebrum
Diencephalon
it forms the cerebral hemispheres
telencephalon
Station to all main sensory systems
Thalamus
Separates the lateral surface of thalamus to the lentiform nucleus
Internal capsule
Involved in the control of muscle activity
Subthalamus
Nerve cells found in Subthalamus
Red nuclei and substancia nigra
Epithalamus is consists of ___and ___
Habenular nuclei and Pineal gland
It is believed to be the center of olfactory integration, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways
Habenular commissure
Two types of cells found in Pineal Gland
Pinealocytes and Glial cells
Recognized as an important endocrine gland capable of influencing the activities of the pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, and plays a vital role in maintaining the body’s homeostasis.
Hypothalamus
Involved in the regulation of body temperature, body fluids, drives to eat and drink, sexual behavior, and emotion
Hypothalamus
Slitlike cleft between the two thalami
Third ventricle
Formed by the opening into the cerebral aqueduct
Posterior wall
Superior to posterior commissure
Pineal recess
Separates the medial surface of the thalamus to the hypothalamus
Hypothalamic sulcus
Lateral walls of the third ventricle is connected by the
Interthalamic connection
Superior surface of optic chiasma
Lamina terminalis
Sulcus found on the inferior and lateral surfaces of cerebral hemisphere
Lateral Sulcus
Stems of Lateral sulcus
- Anterior horizontal sulcus
- Anterior ascending sulcus
- Posterior ramus
Sulcus that passes downward and anteriorly to on the medial surface to meet the calcarine sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Sulcus found on the medial surface of the hemisphere
Calcarine sulcus
It occupies the area posterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral sulcus
Parietal lobe
It occupies the area below the lateral sulcus
Temporal lobe
It occupies the small area behind the parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital lobe
Largest commissure of the brain
Corpus callosum
Sulcus that separates cingulate gyrus from corpus callosum
Callosal sulcus
Sulcus that separates Cingulate gyrus from superior frontal gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
Gyrus between the calcarine sulcus and collateral sulcus
Lingual gyrus
Collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere
Basal nuclei / basal ganglia
Collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere
Basal nuclei / basal ganglia
Gray matter of basal nuclei
- corpus striatum
- amygdaloid nucleus
- claustrum
Large C-shaped mass of gray matter that is closely related to the lateral ventricle
Caudate nucleus
Wedge-shaped mass of gray matter
Lentiform nucleus
Parts of corpus callosum
- Rostrum
- Genu
- Body
- Splenium
Fibers that lie immediately beneath the cortex and connect adjacent gyri
Short association fibers
Collected into named bundles that can be dissected in a formalin-hardened brain
Long association fibers
It connects the first motor speech area and the gyri on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe with the cortex of the pole of the temporal lobe
Uncinate fasciculus
Largest bundle of nn fibers
Superior longitudinal fasciculus
What do you call to the radiating projection of fibers
Corona radiata
Two-layered fold of pia mater
Tela Choroidea
It controls emotional state, regulation of fat, carbohydrate, and water metabolism
Hypothalamus
Plays a role in the release of pituitary hormones
Hypothalamus
Focal lesion to this area will produce contralateral hemiparesis
Precentral gyrus
Lesion in this area will result in contralateral hemisensory loss
Postcentral gyrus
The blockage of the foramen by a cerebral tumor would result in distention of the ventricle, thus producing a type of __
Hydrocephalous
Giant pyramidal cells are also known as
Betz cells
Sometimes called granule cell because of their small size
Stellate cells
Cerebral nerve cells that are concentrated mainly in the deepest cortical layers
Fusiform cells
Small, fusiform, and horizontally oriented cells found in the most superficial layers of the cortex
Horizontal cells of Cajal
Small, multipolar cells that are present throughout the levels of the cortex
Cells of Martinotti
Layer of cerebral cortex that has pyramidal neurons as well as glial cells
Molecular layer (Layer 1)
Layer of cerebral cortex that contains small pyramidal neurons and stellate neurons
External granular (layer II)
Layer of cerebral cortex that contains small and medium sized pyramidal neurons as well as non-pyramidal neurons
External pyramidal (layer III)
It plays an important role in the control of posture and voluntary movement
Basal nuclei
Globus pallidus + putamen
Lentiform nucleus
Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus
Corpus striatum
Caudate nucleus + putamen
Neostriatum
Situated lateral to the thalamus
Corpus striatum
What does the external capsule separates?
Lentiform nucleus - clastrum
Considered part of the limbic system
Amygdaloid nucleus
Neurons of the substancia nigra are ___ and ____
Dopaminergic - inhibitory
Neurons of the subthalamic nuclei are ___ and ___
glutaminergic - excitatory
Main sites for receiving input to the basal nuclei (main afferent portion of the basal ganglia)
Caudate nucleus - putamen / neostriatum
Caudate nucleus affectation:
Huntington’s Chorea and Sydenham Chorea
Manifestation of Substancia nigra lesion
Parkinson’s disease
Difficulty in initiating and performing new movements
Bradykinesia / bradykinesis
Clinical signs of PD
- Kinesia paradoxica
- Micrographia
- Sialorreha
- Festinating gait
- Myerson’s Sign
- Dysphagia
- Bradyphrenia
Connects cerebral cortex to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)
Corticostriate fibers
Connects thalamus to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)
Thalamostriate fibers
Connects substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)
Nigrostial fibers
Connects brainstem to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)
Brain striatal fibers
Corpus striatum efferent fibers:
Striatopallidal and striatonigral fibers
Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus (efferent fibers - corpus striatum)
Striatopallidal fibers
Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to substantia nigra (efferent fibers - corpus striatum)
Strianogrial Fibes
Globus pallidus afferent fibers:
Striatopallidal
Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus (globus afferent)
Striatopallidal fibers
Efferent fibers of globus pallidus
- ansa lenticularis
- fasciculus lenticularis
- pallidotegmental fibers
- pallidosubthalamic fibers
it passes to thalamic nuclei (globus pallidus efferent fibers)
ansa lenticularis
passes to the subthalamus (globus pallidus efferent fibers)
fasciculus lenticularis
Terminates in the tegmentum of midbrain (globus pallidus efferent fibers)
pallidotegmental fibers
passes to the subthalamic nuclei (globus pallidus efferent fibers)
pallidosubthalamic fibers
Main excitatory neurotransmitter released from the cerebral cortex to corpus striatum
Glutamate
Main excitatory released by Corpus striatum
Ach
Main inhibitory within the corpus striatum
GABA
Main inhibitory from substantia nigra to corpus striatum
Dopamine
Main efferent portion of the basal ganglia
Globus pallidus
It controls large subconscious movements
Neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)
It regulates mm tone
Globus pallidus
