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MIDTERMS _ 2ND SEM > NEURO > Flashcards

NEURO Flashcards

1
Q

Two main parts of nervous system

A

CNS & PNS

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2
Q

Main centers of the cns

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Covering of the spinal cord and brain

A

Meninges

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4
Q

What are excitable nerve cells

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Specialized tissue supporting the neurons

A

Neuroglia

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6
Q

It is composed of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia

A

White matter

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7
Q

Part of the nervous system that innervates the body’s involuntary structures

A

ANS

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8
Q

2 Division of ANS

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Part of ANS that prepares the body for an emergency

A

Sympathetic

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10
Q

Part of ans that aims to conserve and restore energy

A

Parasympathetic

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11
Q

What are the meninges surrounding the spinal cord

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

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12
Q

The spinal cord tapers off into the

A

Conus medullaris

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13
Q

Prolongation of Pia Mater

A

Filum terminale

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14
Q

3 main divisions of the brain

A

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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15
Q

Parts of brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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16
Q

Inner core of the spinal cord

A

gray matter

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17
Q

The anterior and posterior gray columns or horns of spinal cord is united by a thin ___ that contains the small central canal

A

Gray commisure

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18
Q

Parts of hindbrain

A

Pons, Cerebellum, and Medulla oblongata

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19
Q

The cerebellum consists of two laterally placed hemispheres connected by a median portion called

A

Vermis

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20
Q

The central part of Forebrain

A

Diencephalon

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21
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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22
Q

The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres which are connected by a mass of white matter called the

A

Corpus Callosum

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23
Q

Fan-shaped collection of nerve fibers

A

Corona radiata

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24
Q

Tailed nucleus situated on the medial side of the internal capsule

A

Caudate nucleus

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25
Q

Lens-shaped nucleus on the lateral side of the internal capsule

A

Lentiform nucleus

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26
Q

The lateral ventricles communicate c the third ventricle through the __

A

Interventricular foramina

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27
Q

Pure sensory nerves

A

1, 2, and 8

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28
Q

Pure motor nerves

A

3, 4, 6, 11, and 12

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29
Q

Mixed sensory and motor nerves

A

5, 7, 9, and 10

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30
Q

PNS is divided into

A

Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric nervous system

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31
Q

Brain of the Gut

A

Enteric nervous system

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32
Q

Functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory input, integration, and motor output

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33
Q

It suspends the organelles

A

Perikaryon

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34
Q

Responsible for synthesizing proteins

A

Nissl substance

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35
Q

Conducts impulses away form the cell body

A

Axon

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36
Q

Cell body that has a single neurite that divides a short distance from cell body

A

Unipolar neurons

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37
Q

Elongated cell body with single neurite emerging from either end of cell body

A

Bipolar neurons

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38
Q

Has a number of neurites arising from the cell body

A

Multipolar neurons

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39
Q

Inhibitory released by the neurons in the Substancia nigra

A

Dopamine

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40
Q

Glial cell that forms a supporting framework for the nn cells and nn fibers

A

Astrocyte

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41
Q

Serve as a scaffolding for the migration of immature neurons

A

Astrocyte

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42
Q

2 types of Astrocytes

A

Fibrous and Protoplasmic astrocytes

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43
Q

Type of neuroglia that has the capability to regenerate under certain circumstances

A

Macroglia

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44
Q

Responsible for myelin sheath formation in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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45
Q

Glial cell that is responsible for immune surveillance in the CNS

A

Microglia

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46
Q

Scavengers of the CNS

A

Microglia

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47
Q

Cells that line the cavities of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord

A

Ependyma

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48
Q

Types of Ependymal cells

A

Ependymocytes, tanyctes, and choroidal epithelial cells

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49
Q

Three cell layers in the embryo

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, and Ectoderm

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50
Q

A thickened epiblast that first appears at the caudal end of the embryo and grows cranially

A

Primitive streak

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51
Q

Groove on the wall of the central canal

A

Sulcus limitans

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52
Q

A plate that gives rise tot he sensory neurons

A

Alar plate

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53
Q

A plate that gives rise to motor neurons

A

Basal plate

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54
Q

Bundle of nn fibers in the cns

A

Nerve tracts

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55
Q

Bundle of nn fibers in the pns

A

Peripheral nerves

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56
Q

It produces and secretes CSF

A

Choroidal epithelial cells

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57
Q

What type of Type A fiber: motor and skeletal mm function

A

Alpha

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58
Q

What type of Type A fibers; Functions: Sensory, touch, and pressure and vibration

A

Beta

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59
Q

This type A nn fiber is for mm spindle

A

Gamma

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60
Q

Type A fibers that is responsible for pain (sharp localized), temperature, and touch

A

Delta

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61
Q

Basic functional unit of nervous system

A

Neuron

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62
Q

Receptor for pain

A

Free-nerve endings

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63
Q

Receptor for cold temperature

A

Krause end bulb

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64
Q

Receptor for hot temperature

A

Ruffini’s Corpuscles

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65
Q

Receptors for touch

A

Merkel’s Corpuscle, Meissner’s Corpuscle, and Hair follicle

66
Q

Responsible for superficial sensations

A

Exteroreceptors

67
Q

Pigments found in rods

A

Rhodopsin

68
Q

Deep sensory receptor sensitive to mm stretch

A

Muscle spindle / intrafussal muscle fibers

69
Q

Detects mm contraction

A

Golgi tendon organ

70
Q

Narrow part of the brain that connects forebrain to hindbrain

A

Midbrain

71
Q

Brain is connected to the spinal cord through the

A

Foramen magnum

72
Q

2 parts of Cerebrum

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

73
Q

It forms the central core of cerebrum

A

Diencephalon

74
Q

it forms the cerebral hemispheres

A

telencephalon

75
Q

Station to all main sensory systems

A

Thalamus

76
Q

Separates the lateral surface of thalamus to the lentiform nucleus

A

Internal capsule

77
Q

Involved in the control of muscle activity

A

Subthalamus

78
Q

Nerve cells found in Subthalamus

A

Red nuclei and substancia nigra

79
Q

Epithalamus is consists of ___and ___

A

Habenular nuclei and Pineal gland

80
Q

It is believed to be the center of olfactory integration, visceral, and somatic afferent pathways

A

Habenular commissure

81
Q

Two types of cells found in Pineal Gland

A

Pinealocytes and Glial cells

82
Q

Recognized as an important endocrine gland capable of influencing the activities of the pituitary gland

A

Pineal gland

83
Q

Integrates the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, and plays a vital role in maintaining the body’s homeostasis.

A

Hypothalamus

84
Q

Involved in the regulation of body temperature, body fluids, drives to eat and drink, sexual behavior, and emotion

A

Hypothalamus

85
Q

Slitlike cleft between the two thalami

A

Third ventricle

86
Q

Formed by the opening into the cerebral aqueduct

A

Posterior wall

87
Q

Superior to posterior commissure

A

Pineal recess

88
Q

Separates the medial surface of the thalamus to the hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

89
Q

Lateral walls of the third ventricle is connected by the

A

Interthalamic connection

90
Q

Superior surface of optic chiasma

A

Lamina terminalis

91
Q

Sulcus found on the inferior and lateral surfaces of cerebral hemisphere

A

Lateral Sulcus

92
Q

Stems of Lateral sulcus

A
  • Anterior horizontal sulcus
  • Anterior ascending sulcus
  • Posterior ramus
93
Q

Sulcus that passes downward and anteriorly to on the medial surface to meet the calcarine sulcus

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

94
Q

Sulcus found on the medial surface of the hemisphere

A

Calcarine sulcus

95
Q

It occupies the area posterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral sulcus

A

Parietal lobe

96
Q

It occupies the area below the lateral sulcus

A

Temporal lobe

97
Q

It occupies the small area behind the parieto-occipital sulcus

A

Occipital lobe

98
Q

Largest commissure of the brain

A

Corpus callosum

99
Q

Sulcus that separates cingulate gyrus from corpus callosum

A

Callosal sulcus

100
Q

Sulcus that separates Cingulate gyrus from superior frontal gyrus

A

Cingulate sulcus

101
Q

Gyrus between the calcarine sulcus and collateral sulcus

A

Lingual gyrus

102
Q

Collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere

A

Basal nuclei / basal ganglia

103
Q

Collection of masses of gray matter situated within each cerebral hemisphere

A

Basal nuclei / basal ganglia

104
Q

Gray matter of basal nuclei

A
  • corpus striatum
  • amygdaloid nucleus
  • claustrum
105
Q

Large C-shaped mass of gray matter that is closely related to the lateral ventricle

A

Caudate nucleus

106
Q

Wedge-shaped mass of gray matter

A

Lentiform nucleus

107
Q

Parts of corpus callosum

A
  • Rostrum
  • Genu
  • Body
  • Splenium
108
Q

Fibers that lie immediately beneath the cortex and connect adjacent gyri

A

Short association fibers

109
Q

Collected into named bundles that can be dissected in a formalin-hardened brain

A

Long association fibers

110
Q

It connects the first motor speech area and the gyri on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe with the cortex of the pole of the temporal lobe

A

Uncinate fasciculus

111
Q

Largest bundle of nn fibers

A

Superior longitudinal fasciculus

112
Q

What do you call to the radiating projection of fibers

A

Corona radiata

113
Q

Two-layered fold of pia mater

A

Tela Choroidea

114
Q

It controls emotional state, regulation of fat, carbohydrate, and water metabolism

A

Hypothalamus

115
Q

Plays a role in the release of pituitary hormones

A

Hypothalamus

116
Q

Focal lesion to this area will produce contralateral hemiparesis

A

Precentral gyrus

117
Q

Lesion in this area will result in contralateral hemisensory loss

A

Postcentral gyrus

118
Q

The blockage of the foramen by a cerebral tumor would result in distention of the ventricle, thus producing a type of __

A

Hydrocephalous

119
Q

Giant pyramidal cells are also known as

A

Betz cells

120
Q

Sometimes called granule cell because of their small size

A

Stellate cells

121
Q

Cerebral nerve cells that are concentrated mainly in the deepest cortical layers

A

Fusiform cells

122
Q

Small, fusiform, and horizontally oriented cells found in the most superficial layers of the cortex

A

Horizontal cells of Cajal

123
Q

Small, multipolar cells that are present throughout the levels of the cortex

A

Cells of Martinotti

124
Q

Layer of cerebral cortex that has pyramidal neurons as well as glial cells

A

Molecular layer (Layer 1)

125
Q

Layer of cerebral cortex that contains small pyramidal neurons and stellate neurons

A

External granular (layer II)

126
Q

Layer of cerebral cortex that contains small and medium sized pyramidal neurons as well as non-pyramidal neurons

A

External pyramidal (layer III)

127
Q

It plays an important role in the control of posture and voluntary movement

A

Basal nuclei

128
Q

Globus pallidus + putamen

A

Lentiform nucleus

129
Q

Caudate nucleus + lentiform nucleus

A

Corpus striatum

130
Q

Caudate nucleus + putamen

A

Neostriatum

131
Q

Situated lateral to the thalamus

A

Corpus striatum

132
Q

What does the external capsule separates?

A

Lentiform nucleus - clastrum

133
Q

Considered part of the limbic system

A

Amygdaloid nucleus

134
Q

Neurons of the substancia nigra are ___ and ____

A

Dopaminergic - inhibitory

135
Q

Neurons of the subthalamic nuclei are ___ and ___

A

glutaminergic - excitatory

136
Q

Main sites for receiving input to the basal nuclei (main afferent portion of the basal ganglia)

A

Caudate nucleus - putamen / neostriatum

137
Q

Caudate nucleus affectation:

A

Huntington’s Chorea and Sydenham Chorea

138
Q

Manifestation of Substancia nigra lesion

A

Parkinson’s disease

139
Q

Difficulty in initiating and performing new movements

A

Bradykinesia / bradykinesis

140
Q

Clinical signs of PD

A
  • Kinesia paradoxica
  • Micrographia
  • Sialorreha
  • Festinating gait
  • Myerson’s Sign
  • Dysphagia
  • Bradyphrenia
141
Q

Connects cerebral cortex to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)

A

Corticostriate fibers

142
Q

Connects thalamus to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)

A

Thalamostriate fibers

143
Q

Connects substantia nigra to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)

A

Nigrostial fibers

144
Q

Connects brainstem to caudate nucleus and putamen (corpus striatum afferent fibers)

A

Brain striatal fibers

145
Q

Corpus striatum efferent fibers:

A

Striatopallidal and striatonigral fibers

146
Q

Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus (efferent fibers - corpus striatum)

A

Striatopallidal fibers

147
Q

Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to substantia nigra (efferent fibers - corpus striatum)

A

Strianogrial Fibes

148
Q

Globus pallidus afferent fibers:

A

Striatopallidal

149
Q

Connects caudate nucleus and putamen to globus pallidus (globus afferent)

A

Striatopallidal fibers

150
Q

Efferent fibers of globus pallidus

A
  • ansa lenticularis
  • fasciculus lenticularis
  • pallidotegmental fibers
  • pallidosubthalamic fibers
151
Q

it passes to thalamic nuclei (globus pallidus efferent fibers)

A

ansa lenticularis

152
Q

passes to the subthalamus (globus pallidus efferent fibers)

A

fasciculus lenticularis

153
Q

Terminates in the tegmentum of midbrain (globus pallidus efferent fibers)

A

pallidotegmental fibers

154
Q

passes to the subthalamic nuclei (globus pallidus efferent fibers)

A

pallidosubthalamic fibers

155
Q

Main excitatory neurotransmitter released from the cerebral cortex to corpus striatum

A

Glutamate

156
Q

Main excitatory released by Corpus striatum

A

Ach

157
Q

Main inhibitory within the corpus striatum

A

GABA

158
Q

Main inhibitory from substantia nigra to corpus striatum

A

Dopamine

159
Q

Main efferent portion of the basal ganglia

A

Globus pallidus

160
Q

It controls large subconscious movements

A

Neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)

161
Q

It regulates mm tone

A

Globus pallidus

MIDTERMS _ 2ND SEM (5 decks)

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