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Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Part of autonomic nervous system; usually excitatory; may be inhibitory (heart vagal nerve)

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2
Q

Serotonin

A

Inhibitory; controls mood sleep, inhibits pain

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3
Q

Dopamine

A

Inhibitory; affects behavior (attention, emotion) fine movement

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4
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Excitatory; affects mood and overall activity

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5
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

A

Inhibitory

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6
Q

Enkephalin / Endorphin

A

Excitatory; Pleasurable sensation; inhibits pain transmission

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7
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the two hemispheres of the brain

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8
Q

Thalamus

A

Thalamus relay station for senses except smell. (memory, sensation, and pain impulses)

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9
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Important in the endocrine system
Works with the pituitary
Temperature regulation
Hunger center / appetite control
Sleep–wake cycle, blood pressure, aggressive and sexual behavior, and emotional responses (i.e., blushing, rage, depression, panic, and fear
Controls / regulates ANS

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10
Q

Basal ganglia

A

responsible for control of fine motor movements, including those of the hands and lower extremities

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11
Q

Frontal

A

is the largest lobe, front of the brain. Function: concentration, abstract thought, information storage / memory, and motor function. Broca’s speech area (Speech affected but comprehension preserved). Responsible for person’s affect, judgment, personality, and inhibitions

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12
Q

Parietal

A

analyzes sensory information and relays the interpreted information to the cortex. Essential to person’s awareness of body position in space, size, shape, and right-left orientation.

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13
Q

Temporal

A

contains the auditory receptive areas, plays role in memory of sound and understanding of language and music

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14
Q

Occipital

A

responsible for visual interpretation and memory.

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15
Q

Brain Stem

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

Center for auditory and visual reflexes.
Reflex centers for respiration, blood pressure, heart rate, coughing, vomiting, swallowing, and sneezing are also located in the medulla.

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16
Q

Cerebellum

A

located behind the brain stem and under the cerebrum
Smooth coordinated movement.
Controls fine movement, balance, andposition (postural) senseor proprioception (awareness of position of extremities without looking at them)

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17
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers – anchor the spinal cord

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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18
Q

CSF

A

CSF is important in immune and metabolic functions in the brain.
The fourth ventricle drains CSF into the subarachnoid space on the surface of the brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

Cerebral Circulation

A

arteries and veins
Provides nutrients and O2 to brain tissue
About 15-20% of Cardiac Output

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20
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

protective function formed by endothelial cells of the brain’s capillaries

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21
Q

On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fin and German Viewed Some Hops

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglosseal

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22
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Computer-based nuclear imaging. PET permits the measurement of blood flow, tissue composition, and brain metabolism and thus indirectly evaluates brain function.

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23
Q

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)

A

SPECT is a three-dimensional imaging technique. SPECT is useful in detecting the extent and location of abnormally perfused areas of the brain, thus allowing detection, localization, and sizing of stroke

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24
Q

Myelography

A

X-ray of subarachnoid space through a lumbar puncture

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25
Q

Transcranial Doppler

A

Records blood flow velocities of intracranial vessels

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26
Q

Myelography

A

Uses contrast to evaluate the spinal cord, nerve roots, and spinal linings.

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27
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

records of the electrical activityof the brain
Omit coffee tea, cola, chocolate
MAY have meal
Sleep deprivation, Withhold anticonvulsants, tranquilizers, stimulants, and depressants 24-48 hours before

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28
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

Evaluates muscle and nerves (motor neurons) that control them. Measures changes in the electrical potential of the muscles

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29
Q

Lumbar puncture

A

Assesses cerebral spinal fluid for viruses, bacteria, CSF pressure, administration of medications

Complications: Post-lumbar puncture headache, herniation of the brain, abscess, hematoma, meningitis, difficulty voiding, elevated temperature, backache / spasms, & stiff neck

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30
Q

Babinski’s Reflex

A

Indicative of upper motor neuron lesion
Abnormal is dorsiflexion of the toes (fanning)

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31
Q

CT

A

with or without contrast (if they have mental status changes, we are going to do without contrast first to see if it is hemorrhagic. Contrast spilling out into brain is bad)

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32
Q

MRI

A

See if they have any metal in their bodies, ask them if they are preggers, which kind of work they do. Any metal will get sucked right out

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33
Q

Akinetic Mutism

A

no response to the surroundings

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34
Q

Brain dead

A

no level of activity (keep alive for organ donation)

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35
Q

Coma

A

clinical state of unarousable of unresponsiveness

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36
Q

Decerebration

A

this is a type of posturing. They stretch out away from the body upon touch

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37
Q

Decortication

A

the patient will automatically pull their arms to their chest upon touch

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38
Q

Locked in syndrome

A

aware of what is going one but cannot move or talk

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39
Q

Persistent vegetative State

A

unresponsive, but they still do the sleep wake cycle. No mental or cognitive function

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40
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

form of epilepsy where the seizure lasts more than normal, and it was one seizure after another without recovery period and does not respond to normal treatments

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41
Q

Weight of brain

A

1400 g

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42
Q

Blood

A

75mL

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43
Q

CSF

A

75mL

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44
Q

ICP measured in lateral ventricles. Normal value

A

0-10, 15 is the highest

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45
Q

Monro-Kellie hypothesis

A

Sum of volumes of brain, CSF, and intracranial blood is constant
Limited space for expansion within the skull
An increase in any one of the components causes a change in the volume of the others

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46
Q

Primary Cause of Increased ICP

A

Head Trauma

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47
Q

Secondary causes of increased ICP

A

Brain tumors
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Toxic or viral encephalopathies

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48
Q

Effects of ICP

A

↓ Cerebral perfusion
Stimulates edema
Causes herniation

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49
Q

Cerebral edema

A

an abnormal accumulation of water or fluid in the intracellular space, extracellular space or both d/t an increase in the volume of brain tissue

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50
Q

Autoregulation

A

Brain’s ability to change the diameter of its blood vessels to maintain constant cerebral blood flow during alterations in SBP.

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51
Q

Cushings Triad r/t Increased Intracranial Pressure

A

as increase in systolic BP, widening of the pulse pressure and slowing of heart rate late sign requiring immediate intervention

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52
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Increased Intracranial pressure

A

Changes in LOC
Abnormal respiratory and vasomotor responses
Restlessness
Confusion
Increased drowsiness

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53
Q

Increased Intracranial Pressure Goal

A

Decreasing cerebral edema
Lowering volume CSF
Decreasing cerebral blood volume

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54
Q

Increased Intracranial Pressure treatment

A

Osmotic diuretics
Restricting fluids
Draining CSF
Controlling fever
Maintaining BP and oxygenation
Reducing cellular metabolic demands

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55
Q

Seizures

A

Episodes of abnormal motor, sensory, autonomic or psychic activity

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56
Q

Burr Holes

A

hole through the skull to release fluid

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57
Q

Craniotomy

A

opening the skull

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58
Q

Craniectomy

A

removing the skull

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59
Q

Cranioplasty

A

Replacing the skull

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60
Q

Generalized SZ`

A

Both Sides of the brain

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61
Q

Focal SZ

A

originates within one side of the brain and typically doesn’t spread

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62
Q

Unknown SZ

A

don’t fit in either category

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63
Q

Underlying cause of SZ

A

is an electrical disturbance (dysrhythmia) in the nerve cells in one section of the brain

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64
Q

Symptoms of SZ

A

Loss of consciousness
Excessive movement
Loss of muscle tone or movement
Disturbance of behavior, mood, sensation, and perception

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65
Q

Causes of SZ

A

Cerebrovascular disease
Febrile (childhood)
Hypoxemia
Head injury
HTN
CNS infections
Metabolic and toxic conditions
Brain tumor
Drug and ETOH withdrawal
Allergies

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66
Q

Generalized SZ Symptoms

A

BIL hemispheres involved
Intense rigidity of entire body
Alternating muscle relaxation and contraction
Tonic-Clonic contractions
Tongue often chewed
Incontinent of urine and feces
After 1-2 minutes:
Movement subsides
Relaxes and lies in deep coma breathing noisily
Postictal State

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67
Q

Focal SZ Symptoms

A

which affect initially only one hemisphere of the brain - You might be aware of what is going on around you in afocal seizure, or you might not. Different areas of the brain (lobes) are responsible for controlling all of our movements

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68
Q

Diagnostics for SZ

A

Electroencephalography (Motor tool)
CT/MRI: R/O lesions
PET / Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)–Measures cerebral blood flow
Complete seizure profile and history: Includes baseline neurologic exam, Description of seizure activity
Lab studies

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69
Q

Interventions during a Seizure

A

Maintain airway
Use jaw-thrust
**DO NOT attempt to open the airway with your fingers
Keep suction available
Prevent injury
Observe seizure activity
Document seizure activity
Administer appropriate anticonvulsant
Privacy
Loosen clothing

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70
Q

Epilepsy

A

A group of syndromes characterized by unprovoked, recurring seizures

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71
Q

Epilepsy classified by specific patterns

A

Age of onset
Family history
Seizure type

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72
Q

Electro-clinical syndrome

A

is a term used to identify a group of clinical entities showing a cluster of electro-clinical characteristics, with signs and symptoms that together define a distinctive, recognizable, clinical disorder.

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73
Q

Risk Factors for Epilepsy

A

Genetic
Birth trauma
Asphyxia neonatorum
Head injuries
Hormonal
Infections
Toxicities
Fever
Circulatory problems
Metabolic disorders
Drug/Alcohol intoxication

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74
Q

Antiepileptic drugs

A

Phenytoin
Carbamazepine
Valproic acid
Lamotrigine
Ethosuximide
Levetiracetam

75
Q

Phenytoin

A

Dilantin
Given as a loading dose (1000mg) then a maintenance (125 mg 4x a day) IV
High risk for hyperphagia gingivitis (gums overgrow overtop of their teeth)
Bleeding gums
Do not mix well with contraceptives
IV or oral
Toxic to the veins (change IV daily)

76
Q

Levetiracetam

A

Given after brain surgery to prevent seizures
Keeps the neurons calm
Makes them mean and irritable

77
Q

Ethosuximide

A

this is for absent seizures

78
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

first line to get seizures under control, then loading, then maintenance

79
Q

Agnosia

A

loss of normal responses with household objects

80
Q

Expressive Aphasia

A

I cannot get my words to you. left frontal lobe

81
Q

Receptive Aphasia

A

I cannot understand what you are saying to me

82
Q

Global Aphasia

A

have both expressive and receptive

83
Q

Apraxia

A

inability to complete motor acts on a voluntary basis. Not able to recognize exactly what is there

84
Q

Ataxia

A

uncoordinated movement

85
Q

Hemianopsia

A

loss of vision somewhere in the vision field

86
Q

Hemiparesis

A

weakness on one side

87
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side

88
Q

Hemorrhagic

A

Rapid
Occurs over minutes to hours
13%

89
Q

Ischemic Strokes

A

87%. Caused by clot or embolism. Occurs over minutes to hours to days

90
Q

LACUNAR

A

these are strokes in tiny blood vessels caused by DM

91
Q

How long do we have to treat with thrombolytic Therapy

A

3.5-4h

92
Q

5 Types of Ischemic Strokes

A

Atherosclerotic plaques
Lacunar
Cardiogenic embolic strokes
Cryptogenic strokes
Other

93
Q

Atherosclerotic plaques

A

Large artery thrombotic strokes

94
Q

Lacunar

A

Small penetrating artery thrombotic strokes

95
Q

Cardiogenic embolic strokes

A

related to arrhythmias (Afib); embolic RT valvular disease leads to Left MIDDLE cerebral ARTERY

96
Q

Cryptogenic strokes

A

No known cause

97
Q

Others

A

coagulopathies, cocaine use, migraines/vasospasms, spontaneous dissection

98
Q

Thrombosis

A

Atherosclerosis
Bifurcation of common carotid
Most common in diabetics
Lacunar infarct from small vessels d/t hypertension & diabetes
Sickle cell disease

99
Q

Embolism

A

Travels from outside of brain occludes cerebral artery
Plaque
Clot from atrial fibrillation
Mechanical valves

100
Q

Left Hemispheric Stroke

A

 Affects the right side of the body
 Very slow and methodical in their movement
 Receptive or global aphasia (left frontal lobe is for speech)
 Altered intellectual ability
 Slow, cautious behavior

101
Q

Right Hemispheric Stroke

A

 Paralysis weakness on the left side of the body
 Left visual field deficit
 Spatial/perceptual deficits
 Increased distractibility
 Poor judgment and poor concentration
 Impulsive

102
Q

Generalized findings for a Stroke

A

Hypertension
Headache
Vomiting
Seizures
Change in mental status
Fever
Changes on ECG

103
Q

Diagnostic tests for a Stroke

A

CT without contrast
MRI: changes not apparent until 8 hours after
New diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)
Perfusion imaging (PI)

104
Q

Stroke Prevention

A

Healthy diet - DASH
Engaging in physical activity
Maintain ideal body weight
Maintain safe cholesterol levels
Smoking cessation
Low-dose estrogen birth control
Reduce heavy alcohol intake
Eliminate illicit drug use

105
Q

Races with the most strokes

A

African Americans
American Indians
Alaskan Natives

106
Q

Leading Cause of Strokes

A

Hypertension

107
Q

Medical Management of Strokes

A

Warfarin (INR 2-3)
Other anticoagulants
Platelet inhibitors
Statins
Antihypertensives
Thrombolytic therapy
-Recombinant t-PA
Endovascular therapy
Surgical Prevention

108
Q

NIHSS

A

Score <5/42 is indicative of minor stroke

109
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Rupture of arteriosclerotic and hypertensive vessels
Often secondary to hypertension and after age 50
Ruptured aneurysms (2 to 6 mm in diameter)
Produces spasms of cerebral vessels and cerebral ischemia
Extensive residual functional loss
Slow recovery
25-60% mortality

110
Q

Autonomic Dysreflexia

A

If they cannot pee, they can go into autonomic dysreflexia and have really high blood pressure (I+O). They will need bladder scans

111
Q

Paraplegia

A

waist down paralysis

112
Q

Tetraplegia

A

arms and legs paralysis that causes bowel and bladder dysfunction

113
Q

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)

A

Insult to brain that may produce physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocational changes

114
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Between the dura and the skull, not in the brain itself, bleeding from arteries

115
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

Between the Dura and arachnoid, bleeding from veins

116
Q

Concussion Symptoms

A

Retrograde amnesia, Coup contra coup, and Diffuse axonal injury

117
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Cannot remember what came before

118
Q

Coupe contra Coupe

A

brain slams against one side of the brain then the other

119
Q

Diffuse axonal injury

A

Rapid brain shift and sheers the axons

120
Q

Complications of Spinal Cord Injuries

A

Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism
Sepsis

121
Q

SCI Pathophys

A

Paralysis is below the level of the injury
Most frequent site of injury C5-C7, T12, & L1
Two categories
Primary – Initial trauma
Secondary – edema or hemorrhage

122
Q

Respiratory dysfunction RT level of injury

A

Diaphragm (C4), Intercostals (T1-T6); abdominal muscles (T6-T12)Injury to cervical cord produces tetraplegia

123
Q

Ataxia

A

uncoordinated movements

124
Q

Diplopia

A

double vision

125
Q

Dysphagia

A

swallowing problems

126
Q

Dysphonia

A

nasal tone to the voice (MS+(MG)

127
Q

Neuropathy

A

numbness tingling burning sensation in the extremities

128
Q

Ptosis

A

drooping eyelid: MG

129
Q

Spasticity

A

comes from damage to the central nervous system. MS

130
Q

Meningitis:

A

inflammation of the meninges:
o Headache, stiff neck, rigidity, photophobia (eyes sensitive to light)
o Send out CSF to assess it
Originates through blood or invasive procedures

131
Q

Brain Abscesses

A

Happens to immunocompromised patients
o Severe headache
o Mental Status Changes
o We need to drain the abscess

132
Q

Encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain tissue r/t viruses, arthropod, vectors
o Increased Intracranial pressure
o Clinical Manifestations: headache, fever, confusion, seizures

133
Q

Creutzfeldt—Jakob disease

A

eating meat by the spinal cord of an old cow
o Mad Cow disease
o Infection in blood and brain
o Psychiatric Syndrome: ataxia and memory loss
o To diagnose, we need a brain biopsy and a lumbar puncture

134
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

Progressive demyelinating disease of the CNS
Impaired transmission of nerve impulses in spine and brain

135
Q

MS Population

A

Peak age 25-35 years
Women twice as likely than men
Caucasians
Prevalent in colder climates

136
Q

Relapsing Remitting MS

A

Most common
Manifestations remit with little or no progression

137
Q

Secondary Progressive MS

A

Gradual neurologic deterioration

138
Q

Primary progressive MS

A

Gradual continuous deterioration

139
Q

Progressive relapsing MS

A

Gradual deterioration with occasional superimposed relapses

140
Q

Symptoms of MS

A

Fatigue
Depression
Weakness
Paresthesia
Ataxia
Loss of balance
Spasticity
Pain
Visual disturbances
Blurred vision
Diplopia
Loss of peripheral vision
Scotoma (Patchy blindness)
Total blindness
Sexual dysfunction
Dysarthria
Dysphagia

141
Q

MS Treatment

A

Interferon Beta 1a (SQ) / 1b (IM)
Corticosteroids
Glatiramer - Used specifically for remitting-relapsing MS
Works by stopping the body from damaging its own nerve cells
Fingolimod (PO)
Methylprednisolone IV (3-5 days for exacerbations)
Mitoxantrone (IIV q3 Months) – Cardiac toxic - Maximum lifetime dose

142
Q

MS treatment of Symptoms

A

Baclofen (spasticity)
Benzodiazepines – diazepam (anxiety)

143
Q

Myasthenia-Gravis

A

Autoimmune disease affecting the myoneural junction characterized by varying degrees of weakness of voluntary muscles
Antibodies directed at acetylcholine receptor sites impair transmission of impulses across the myoneural junction (80%)
Resulting in less stimulation → Voluntary muscle weakness
May have thymic hyperplasia or thymic tumor

144
Q

MG Onset

A

May appear at any age
2 Peaks of onset
20-30 years - Women
After age 50 – Men

145
Q

Hallmark of MG

A

Hallmark: Increased weakness with sustained muscle contraction + Ptosis
Improves after periods of rest

146
Q

Edrophonium Test

A

Edrophonium is given IV. 30 seconds after, the patient’s eyes will go up, then it will droop again

147
Q

Blood Tests for MG

A

check for acetylcholine receptor antibodies

148
Q

MG + EMG

A

looks to see if the muscle is working or responding

149
Q

MRI + MG

A

to assess for enlarged thymus gland

150
Q

Pharmacological Therapy for MG

A

Pyridostigmine: this is the drug that we give 4x a day
Corticosteroids: immunosuppressive drugs
Cytotoxic drugs: inhibit the T-cells from growing
Surgical removal of thymus gland

151
Q

Myasthenia Crisis

A

they don’t have enough medication in them
 Triggers: respiratory crisis, changed meds, surgery, pregnancy
 Symptoms: extreme muscle weakness, fatigue, trouble swallowing, facial muscles have no movement or expression, they can go into severe respiratory distress, cannot cough or swallow, increased secretions=choking
 Treatment: increase their meds and may need a mechanical ventilator

152
Q

Cholinergic Crisis

A

:OVERmedicated
 Treatment: decrease the dose
 Antidote: atropine
 Might need a ventilator for a moment
 Severe cramping and muscle weakness and paralysis

153
Q

Guillain-Barre

A

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy affecting the peripheral nervous system

154
Q

Causes of GB

A

Autoimmune response from a viral infection
Various potential viruses

155
Q

Types of GB

A

Ascending –Most common**
Purely motor
Descending
Miller Fisher Syndrome - Rare
Acute Pan-autonomic Neuropathy

156
Q

Phases of GB

A

Initial/acute (1-3 weeks after viral infection)
Plateau (2-4 weeks)
Recovery occurs in a descending pattern

157
Q

Viruses that can cause GB

A

Campylobacter jejuni
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr
Other viruses
**Association with vaccines

158
Q

Characteristics of GB

A

Pain
Paresthesia
Pain
Hyporeflexive

159
Q

Nursing Management of GB

A

Vital signs
Respiratory assessments
Assess and manage swallowing
Intake and Output (SIADH)
Mobility
Pain
Preventing complications

160
Q

Medical Treatment

A

Plasma Exchange

161
Q

Nerves Affected in Trigiminal Neuralgia

A

Cranial Nerve 5
Causes facial contraction
o Use anticonvulsants to relieve the pain (calms the nerves down)
o They might get gabapentin

162
Q

Bells Palsy

A

Cranial Nerve 7
o Inflammation of the cranial nerve and instead of causing contraction of the face it causes paralysis of the facial muscle. Drooping eye, drooping face.
o Decrease inflammation by giving steroids (watch for sugar)

163
Q

Bradykinesia

A

slow body muscles and speech

164
Q

Dementia

A

decline in higher brain function (Parkinson’s)

165
Q

Dyskinesia

A

impaired ability to execute voluntary muscle movement (ALS and Parkinson’s)

166
Q

Sciatica

A

pain and tenderness in the sciatic nerve. Down the back and around the hip, around the front of the leg, around the inner knee

167
Q

Spondylosis

A

changes in the disk and vertebral bodies

168
Q

Huntington’s

A

chronic progressive hereditary disease. Causes jerking and dementia

169
Q

Parkinson’s

A
  • Slow progressive disease: walk with a flexed posture and have a high risk of falling over
  • Affects men mor than women
  • We do not know the cause, but we know there is a hereditary form
170
Q

Parkinson’s Pathophysiology

A

Degeneration of dopamine storage cells in substantia nigra (SN) in basal ganglia
Loss of dopamine results in more excitation neurotransmitters causing an imbalance that affects voluntary movement

171
Q

Parkinson’s Subtypes

A

Tremor dominant (most other symptoms are absent)
Nontremor dominant (akinetic-rigid and postural instability).

172
Q

Cardinal Symptoms of Parkinson

A

Tremor
Rigidity, increased tone, stiffness
Bradykinesia / akinesia
Postural instability

173
Q

Complications of Parkinsons

A

Respiratory and Urinary tract infections
Skin breakdown
Injuries from falls
Dyskinesia
Parkinsonian crisis – Emotional trauma or sudden medication withdrawal
Medication side effects
On/Off response – Rapid fluctuations in symptoms
Loss of medication effectiveness

174
Q

Pharmacological Treatment of Parkinsons

A

Pharmacological:
Carbidopa-Levidopa (CL)
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitor (Entacapone)– Increase duration of action of CL and for advanced disease

175
Q

Nursing Interventions for Parkinsons

A

Respiratory / cardiac support
Quiet room
Barbiturates w/ anti-parkinsonian drugs
Need to shorten periods between medications / increase doses
2L fluid/day
Increased fiber
Stool softeners/laxatives
Establish a regular bowel time
Encourage ROM
Regular daytime rest
Assist with ADLs
Patient/Family education
Safety measures
Emotional support

176
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

Loss of motor neurons → muscle atrophy
Involves degeneration of anterior horn cells and corticospinal tracts
Presence of anterior horn cell dysfunction

177
Q

ALS Risk Factors

A

Age (middle age)
Male
Smoking
Vital infections
Autoimmune disease
Environmental exposures to toxins
Family history
Viral Infections

178
Q

ALS Symptoms

A

Fatigue
Progressive muscle weakness
Cramps
Fasciculation
Lack of coordination

179
Q

ALS Diagnosis

A

Clinical Presentation
EMG
Muscle biopsy
MRI

180
Q

ALS Treatment

A

Supportive therapy only
Therapy and rehabilitation
Feeding tube
Mechanical ventilation

181
Q

ALS Meds

A

Riluzole – glutamine antagonist
Edaravone

182
Q

Nursing Interventions for ALS

A

Supportive nursing care
Ongoing assessment
Suggest modifications as disease progresses
Emotional support to patient/family
Conserving energy
Avoid extreme hot/cold
Prevent skin breakdown
Encourage fluid intake
Proper positioning
Discuss advanced directives / end of life care

183
Q

Injury T12 or Above

A

will affect respiratory function

Adults (6 decks)

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