Neuro

Question 1

MRI in 30 cats with traumatic brain injury Caine 2019 JFMS

Answer 1

different from dogs
evidence of parenchymal injury in only 20/30 cats, including 8/9 that had a poor outcome
bilateral or multifocal parenchymal lesions on T2-weighted imaging, and mass effect, particularly caudal transtentorial herniation, was statistically significantly higher in patients with a poorer outcome
soft tissue injury was noted in all cats, with a poorer prognosis statistically associated with a peripharyngeal pattern of injury and orbital trauma.

Question 2

Early CT in dogs following traumatic brain injury has limited value in predicting short-term prognosis 2021 Vet rad Ultrasound Wyatt

Answer 2

No imaging features evaluated were associated with the study outcome measures. Therefore, the current study failed to identify any early CT imaging features with prognostic significance in canine TBI patients

Question 3

A pilot study evaluating the effect of mannitol and hypertonic saline solution in the treatment of increased intracranial pressure in 2 cats and 1 dog naturally affected by traumatic brain injury BAllocco 2019 JVECC

Answer 3

Both mannitol and hypertonic saline decrease ICP and improve CPP, but the effect observed in this pilot study suggests that there might be differences in the duration of these effects

Question 4

Evaluating traumatic brain injury using conventional magnetic resonance imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging in dogs J vEt sci 2019 Noh

Answer 4

SWI had better TBI lesion-detection ability, but conventional MRI had a better correlation with early clinical status and subdural hemorrhage.

Question 5

The prognostic value of admission point-of-care testing and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs and cats with traumatic brain injuries (2007-2010): 212 cases JVECC 2022 Cameron

Answer 5

with TBI, increased blood glucose concentrations may have prognostic significance in dogs with TBI but not in cats
MGCS score may be predictive of survival in both dogs and cats with TBI.

Question 6

Seizure-precipitating factors in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy JVIM 2019 Forsgard

Answer 6

stress-related situations, sleep deprivation, weather, and hormonal factors. In dogs with focal onset seizures

Question 7

Randomized blinded controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of oral cannabidiol administration in addition to conventional antiepileptic treatment on seizure frequency in dogs with intractable idiopathic epilepsy JAVMA 2019 McGrath

Answer 7

Although a significant reduction in seizure frequency was achieved for dogs in the CBD group, the proportion of responders was similar between groups.
Plasma CBD concentrations were correlated with reduction in seizure frequency

Question 8

Seizure frequency discrepancy between subjective and objective ictal electroencephalography data in dogs JVIm 2021 Ukai

Answer 8

A weak correlation was found between the frequency of reported seizures from caregivers (subjective data) and ictal PDs on EEG (objective data)

Question 9

A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium-chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs JVIM 2020 Berk

Answer 9

data show antiseizure properties of an MCT-DS compared to a control oil and support former evidence for the efficacy of MCTs as a nutritive, management option for a subpopulation of drug-resistant dogs with epilepsy.

Question 10

Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentrations in dogs with seizure disorders JVIM 2020 Mariani

Answer 10

Cerebrospinal fluid lactate concentration is minimally affected by seizure activity in dogs and increased concentrations are more likely associated with the underlying disease process.

Question 11

Investigating the potential for seizure prediction in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy: owner-reported prodromal changes and seizure triggers Vet REc 2020 Finnegan

Answer 11

59.6% of owners believed they were able to predict an upcoming seizure in their dog
Seizure predictor: clinginess (25.4%), restlessness (23.1%) and fearful behaviour (19.4%)

Question 12

Seizure activity following atracurium continuous rate infusion in three mechanically ventilated juvenile dogs Donaldson JVECC 2020

Answer 12

case report

seizure activity in the initial 24 h following extubation and were treated with various anticonvulsant protocols;

Question 13

Case Report: 1-Year Follow-Up of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in a Dog With Drug-Resistant Epilepsy Front 2021 Hirashima

Answer 13

The frequency of generalized tonic-clonic seizures was reduced by 87% after the initiation of VNS
adverse effect of VNS was a cough that was controlled by adjusting stimulation parameters

Question 14

Prevalence of seizures in dogs and cats with idiopathic internal hydrocephalus and seizure prevalence after implantation of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt JVIM 2021 Farke

Answer 14

Seizure prevalence in dogs and cats with internal hydrocephalus was low 1.7%

Question 15

Epileptic seizure frequency and semiology in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy after initiation of imepitoin or phenobarbital monotherapy 2019 Vet J Stabile

Answer 15

antiepileptic-medication-naïve idiopathic epilepsy receiving imepitoin-monotherapy developed cluster seizures significantly more frequently and earlier in the course of the disease, and developed aggression and required earlier discontinuation of monotherapy than antiepileptic-medication-naïve idiopathic epilepsy receiving phenobarbital-monotherapy.

Question 16

Peri-ictal magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in dogs with suspected idiopathic epilepsy 2021 JVIM Nagendran

Answer 16

Seizure-induced changes were T2-hyperintense with no suppression of signal on FLAIR.

Question 17

Epileptic seizures triggered by eating in dogs JVIM 2020 Brocal

Answer 17

10 dogs diagnosed with seizures triggered by eating.

The most common seizure type was focal epileptic seizures evolving to become generalized

Question 18

Behavioral Changes Under Levetiracetam Treatment in Dogs Fronteirs 2020 Erath

Answer 18

One quarter of the dogs without pre-existing behavioral abnormalities developed behavioral changes associated with the administration of LEV (10/40)

Question 19

Continuous rate infusion of midazolam as emergent treatment for seizures in dogs JVIM 2021 Bray

Answer 19

Midazolam CRI is apparently safe and might be an effective treatment in dogs with cluster or status epilecpticus

Question 20

Use of Levetiracetam in Epileptic Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Study GIm VEt Sci 2021

Answer 20

Side-effects were monitored for 1 month after the start of LEV administration. In the CKD group, more dogs developed adverse effects (85%) than in the non-CKD group (52.94%).
increase Urea and or creatinine

Question 21

Response to Levetiracetam Treatment and Long-Term Follow-Up in Dogs With Reactive Seizures Due to Probable Exogenous Toxicity FRont 2021 Stabile

Answer 21

use of levetiracetam for treatment of reactive seizures due to exogenous substance intoxication.
Levetiracetam was withdrawn after a 6-months seizure-free period by reducing levetiracetam to 20 mg/kg every 12 h for a 4-week seizure-free period, followed by levetiracetam 20 mg/kg every 24 h for a 4-week seizure-free period, before levetiracetam treatment was stopped.
No adverse effects

Question 22

Seizures in dogs under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom: Etiology, diagnostic testing, and clinical management JVIM 2020 Erlen

Answer 22

17.1%) with idiopathic epilepsy, 95 (3.4%) with structural epilepsy, and 179 dogs (6.3%) with reactive seizures.
The differences between seizure classifications in the clinical records and those retrospectively assigned by the researchers support the need for clearer diagnostic guidelines in clinical practice.

Question 23

Prevalence, distribution, and clinical associations of suspected postictal changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging in epileptic dogs JAVMA 2021 Maeso

Answer 23

The most common brain sites affected were the piriform lobe, hippocampus, temporal neocortex, and cingulate gyrus.
Occurrence of cluster seizures or status epilepticus, diagnosis of unknown origin epilepsy, and lower time from last seizure to MRI are predictors of suspected post icta changes

Question 24

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in drug-resistant idiopathic epilepsy of dogs: A noninvasive neurostimulation technique
Charalambous 2020 JVIM

Answer 24

No adverse effects were reported.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation may be a safe adjunctive treatment option for dogs with drug-resistant IE, but large-scale studies are needed

Question 25

Long-term outcome and quality of life of dogs that developed neurologic signs after surgical treatment of a congenital portosystemic shunt: 50 cases (2005-2020) Carrera 2021 JAVMA

Answer 25

Findings highlighted that survival times of > 6 months and a high QOL can be achieved in most dogs with PANS that survive at least 30 days. Most neurologic signs other than seizures resolved within 1 month postoperatively. Half of the dogs with postattenuation seizures had a reoccurrence.

Question 26

Evaluation of serum high-mobility group box 1 concentration in dogs with epilepsy: A case-control study JVIM 2020

Answer 26

Serum HMGB1 levels were significantly higher in epileptic dogs

Question 27

Intravenous Ketamine Bolus(es) for the Treatment of Status Epilepticus, Refractory Status Epilepticus, and Cluster Seizures: A Retrospective Study of 15 Dogs Frontiers 2021 ROynard

Answer 27

Background: Prolonged seizure activity is also associated with overexpression of N-methyl-D-aspartic (NMDA) receptors

This study indicates that KET 5 mg/kg IV bolus may be successful for the treatment of refractory status epilepticus in dogs.

Question 28

Ketamine-dexmedetomidine combination and controlled mild hypothermia for the treatment of long-lasting and super-refractory status epilepticus in 3 dogs suffering from idiopathic epilepsy JVECC 2020 Gioeni

Answer 28

case series highlights the potential benefits of a ketamine-dexmedetomidine infusion combined with mild hypothermia for the treatment of status epilepticus refractory to GABAergic therapy in dogs suffering from idiopathic epilepsy

Question 29

Clinical features and outcome of acquired myasthenia gravis in 94 dogs 2021 JVIM

Answer 29

Clinical remission in MG is less likely in older dogs and dogs presenting with regurgitation or high initial AChR Ab concentration, but more likely in younger dogs and dogs with comorbid endocrine disease.

Question 30

Retrospective evaluation of the seasonality of canine tetanus in England (2006-2017): 49 dogs JVECC 2021

Answer 30

The prevalence of canine tetanus in England was significantly higher in winter months, especially in February.