Neuro Flashcards
Neurobiological disorder characterized by a spectrum of symptoms involving impairment and social interaction, impairment in interpersonal communication, and restrictive and repetitive behaviors and interest
Autism
Causes / risk factor of autism
No association with vaccines
Genetic cause environment may impact expression of genetic material example advanced paternal age, toxin exposure during pregnancy
Highly heritable
Makes >female
Normal growth and development usually reported till two years of age then delays in language, imaginative play, social interactions
Part of diagnostic criteria for autism
Occurs before the age of three
Social pragmatic communication disorder criteria
Deficits in communicating for social purposes such as greeting or sharing information
Impairment
In the ability to change communication to match the context or needs of the listener speaking differently in a classroom versus on a playground talking differently to a child and adult etc.
Difficulty understanding what is not explicitly stated
Difficulty following rules for conversation and storytelling taking turns in conversation, rephrasing what is misunderstood
When is targeted developmental screening for autism spectrum disorders
9, 18, and 30 months
ASD specific screening at 18, 24 months, or any time when there is a high suspicion of the problem
Vascular dilatation
Primary headache because we have cranial artery distention
E.g. migraine, fever, basal dilator drugs, systematic infection
Muscular contraction
Primary headache caused head and neck muscle contraction (e.g. tension or psycho genic headache)
Stress headache
Traction headache
Primary headache caused: space occupying lesion (E.g. brain tumors, mass lesions, hematoma, I CP)
Inflammation headache
Type of primary headache because involving infection (e.g. meningitis, sinuses, teeth)
Migraine headaches or what type of headache
Vascular
Common migraine
No aura
<10 Years at Onset
Classic migraine
Onset with aura>10 years
Triggers for migraines
Emotional or physical stress, lack of exercise, lack of sleep, missed meals, specific foods, alcohol, nitrates, ministration
What lab should be performed for a migraine
CMP, CBC, ESR, CT of head, venereal disease research laboratory test (VDLR)
Petite mal
Absence seizure
Grand mal
Tonic clonic seizure
Partial seizure
Focal origin one hemisphere
Simple partial seizures
No loss of consciousness
Complex partial seizures
Impaired consciousness (staring)>20Seconds before, during, or after symptoms
Von Recklinghausen disease
Neurofibromatosis; a Nuro cutaneous syndrome characterized by numerous Café au lait Spots on the body
Progressive disorder
NF1=von Recklinghausen disease most common
NF2
Diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis
Must have at least two:
Six or more CLS spots>5mm prepubertal child
Or >15mm Post pubertal
Two or more cutaneous neurofibromas (fleshy warts)
Axillary or inguinal freckling
Two or more Iris Lisch nodules (Black speckles in eyes)
Distinctive osseous lesions
Autosomal dominant; present in a first-degree relative
What is a key difference between NF1 and NF2
Lisch nodules on the iris are characteristic of NF1 and not seen in significant numbers in NF2
NF2 not associated with cognitive impairment often seen in NF1
Bruising on mastoid bone battle sign or raccoon eyes is what type of skull fracture?
Basal
Hospitalization for skull fractures
More than a momentary loss of consciousness, lethargy, confusion, irritable, severe headache changes in speech or movements, significant bleeding, vomiting 1 to 2 hours following injury, seizure
Pathogens common in children older than two months for meningitis
Haemophilus influenza type B, streptococcus pneumonia, neisseria
meningitis
Bacterial pathogen’s in newborns because meningitis
E. coli, Group B streptococci, listeria monocytogenes, enterobacteriacae
What is the most common meningitis in infants
Viral
Signs and symptoms of meningitis in an infant
Mimic septicemia, temperature instability, irritable, lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, bulging fontanel, seizure
Symptoms an older infants and children For meningitis
Nausea, vomiting, irritability, confusion, headaches, back pain, nuchal rigidity, ataxia, photophobia, positive Kernig sign positive brudzinskis sign
What is Kernig sign
Lift up the knee=kernig —-extension of the leg when the hip is flexed ——pain is positive
Brudzinski sign
Flexion of the hips and knees in response to neck flexion =positive meningitis
Diagnostic test for meningitis
Lumbar puncture for CSF analysis shows: cloudy, WBC‘s, increase protein decrease glucose “ Bugs (Protein) In brain they eat sugar (glucose)”
Do not perform lumbar puncture if signs of increased ICP pap ill edema
Most common brain tumor
Infratentorial, brainstem tumor
Infratentorial Brain tumors are most common at what age
4-11 years
Increased head circumference, bulging fontanelle, changes in Neuro, headache that increases in frequency becoming more severe in the morning followed by Emesis ,Loss in developmental milestones
Signs and symptoms of a brain tumor
Diagnostics for a brain tumor
MRI, CT, lumbar puncture only after CT and without suspicion of increased ICP
Brain tumor management
Surgery, radiation, chemo, steroids
A non progressive Central motor dysfunction that affects muscle tone, posture, and movement
CP
Spastic CP
Muscle tightening and stiffness
Ataxic CP
Affects balance and coordination
Athetoid Cp
Involuntary, purposeless movement
Muscle stiffening and tightness, increased DTR and sustained clonus
Spastic
Involuntary purposeless movement
ATHETOID CP
Affects balance and coordination
Ataxic CP
