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CD 660: Test 1 > Neural System of Motor Speech > Flashcards

Neural System of Motor Speech Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is divided into the ___ and ___.

A

CNS

PNS

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2
Q

The CNS includes the ____ and ______.

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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3
Q

The PNS includes parts of the nervous system that go ____ the brain and spinal cord. Also includes the _____ system and _____ system.

A

outside
Somatic System (cranial nerves/spinal nerves)
Automatic System

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4
Q

The most important cells of the nervous system.

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Means by which neural impulses are transmitted from one part of the nervous system to another.

A

Neurons

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6
Q

What are the 3 primary components of the neuron?

A

Cell body
Axon
Dendrites

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7
Q

Small substances released at end points (synaptic cleft) once charge reashes axon terminal

A

Neurotransmitters

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8
Q

What are 2 types of neurotransmitters?

A

Excitatory

Inhibitory

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9
Q

What are 2 important neurotransmitters in the motor system?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Dopamine

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10
Q

______: junction between 2 neurons :: ______: junction between a neuron and a cell in the muscle

A

Synapse

Neuromuscular Junction

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11
Q

______: can be excitatory and inhibitory :: _____: is only excitatory and always uses ACH

A

Synapse

Neuromuscular Junction

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12
Q

Nuclei (Gray matter) makes up what 3 structures?

A

Cerebral Cortex
Subcortical Structures
Nuclei at brainstem

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13
Q

Types of Neurons

A

Motor Neurons (upper and lower)
Sensory Neurons
Interneurons

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14
Q

Bundles of axons : ____

A

fasciculi or tracts

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15
Q

Transmit impulses to other neurons/areas

A

tracts in CSN

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16
Q

transmit impulses from nerves to end organs

A

Nerves in PNS

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17
Q

The frontal lobe is in charge of …

A

the motor cortex, Broca’s area, executive functions, and personality

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18
Q

The temporal lobes are in charge of …

A

auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area and lang comp

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19
Q

Parietal Lobes are in charge of …

A

Sensory cortex

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20
Q

The occipital lobe is in charge of …

A

visual cortex

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21
Q

Cortices that first analyze sensory info

A

Primary Cortex : auditory, visual and sensory

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22
Q

cortex that receives planned motor impulses from cortical and subcortical areas of the brain

A

Primary motor cortex

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23
Q

Where does planning for voluntary movement originate in?

A

The association cortex

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24
Q

What occurs in the association cortices?

A

Different modalities are combined
attention is shifted
planning occurs
things are remembered

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25
Q

Where do the association cortices send rough sequence of motor impulses?

A

down to the subcortical structures for further processing and refining

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26
Q
  • found in precentral gyrus
  • somatotopically organized
  • source for descending motor pathways
A

Primary Motor Cortex

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27
Q

Why is the primary motor cortex different from other primary cortices?

A

It is an actual commander; it receives neural motor impulses that have been processed, smoothed and coordinated

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28
Q
  • postcentral gyrus
  • primary receptor of general body sensations
  • somatotopically arranged
A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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29
Q

primary motor cortex + primary sensory cortex = ?

A

sensorimotor area

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30
Q

What are the subcortical structures?

A

Basal Ganglia
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic Nucleus
Diecephalon: Thalamus and Hypothalumus

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31
Q

What does the basal ganglia consist of?

A

The caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

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32
Q

What important role does the basal ganglia play?

A

Plans and refines slow, continuous movements.

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33
Q

Fuction of BG

A

has a dampening effect on cortical discharges and helps initiate movements

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34
Q

Damage to BG tends to result in …

A

excess involuntary movement or reduced movement

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35
Q

What structures influence the BG?

A

subcortical gray matter such as the substantia nigra and thalamus

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36
Q

If not enough dopamine is produced : it affects ________ :: if too much dopamine is produced : we _______

A

it affects gait and muscles become rigid; does not allow for smooth movements

we cannot control our movements

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37
Q

The thalamus is …

A

a doorway through which subcortical systems of nervous system communicate with cerebral cortex

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38
Q

Fuction of Thalamus

A

“a relay center”
receives neural inputs of planned motor movements from BG and cerebellum

may further refine motor impulses

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39
Q

The cerebellum receives neural impulses of intended movements from ….

A

the association cortices

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40
Q

How does the cerebellum communicate with the rest of the CNS?

A

through 3 bundles of neural tracts called cerebellar peduncles

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41
Q

What are the 3 peduncles of the cerebellum called?

A

Inferior peduncles (receives sensory info, monitors timing & force of movement)

Middle peduncles (receive & coordinates preliminary info from cortex regarding planned movements)

Superior peduncles( main output channel to CNS)

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42
Q

What is the most important function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of rapid alternating movements, body balance during movement and motor programming (timing) & maintenance of muscle tone.

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43
Q

The cerebellum is _______ innervation.

A

double crossing

this means symptoms are ipsilateral

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44
Q

What is the brainstem divided into?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla
45
Q

What originates in the brainstem?

A

the cranial nerves

46
Q

Why is the brainstem important?

A

acts as a passageway for descending and ascending neural tracts;
controls respiration and consciousness;
conveys motor impulses from CNS to muscles of larynx, face, tongue, pharynx and velum

47
Q

There are ___ sensory only CNs, ___ motor only CNs and ___ mixed CNs.

A

3
5
4

48
Q

How many CNs are important for speech and swallowing?

A

5 to 6 CNs

49
Q

The innervation of CNs to muscles is _______.

A

ipsilateral

50
Q

CN V (Trigeminal)

A

jaw open and close

51
Q

CN VII (Facial)

A

muscles of lips, cheeks, facial expressions

52
Q

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

A

elevates pharynx, gag reflex

53
Q

CN X (Vagus)

A

larynx pharynx, soft palate muscles; recurrent laryngeal branch and superior laryngeal branch

54
Q

CN XI (Accessory)

A

motor to pharynx, larynx, soft palate and neck; supports CN X

55
Q

CN XII (hypoglossal)

A

muscles of the tongue

56
Q

What CNs are most relevant to speech functions?

A

CNs V, VII, IX, X, XI, and XII

57
Q

Most CNs recieve innervation bilaterally from cerebral cortex, except CN ___ and CN ___.

A

VII; XII

58
Q

Why do spinal nerves play an important role in speech production?

A

Spinal nerves are important for breathing functions in relation to swallowing and phonating

59
Q

What levels of the nervous system does the speech motor system involve?

A

CNS, PNS, control circuites and descending motor pathways

60
Q

Motor planning =

A

structure specific

61
Q

Motor programming =

A

muscle specific

62
Q

Motor execution =

A

primary motor cortex

63
Q

Upper motor neurons originate in the ______ and terminate on _____.

A

cortex; LMN

64
Q

T or F? All UMNs cross over to the opposite side before synapsing on LMNs.

A

True

65
Q

Where do LMNs originate; terminate?

A 
originate= in spinal cord or lower level of brainstem in PNS
terminate = on muscles they innervate
66
Q

LMN system =

A

final common pathway

67
Q

UMNs cross over at ?

A

Pons or medulla level

68
Q

T or F?

UMN: Neuron cell bodies are not found within the CNS.

A

False;

all neuron cell bodies are in CNS.

69
Q

UMN system tracts are termed ______ and ______.

A

direct and indirect activation pathways.

70
Q

certain muscles are continuously contracted; leads to weak/slow movements and reduced range of motion

A

Muscle spasticity

71
Q

abnormally increased muscle tone

A

hypertonia

72
Q

exaggerated muscle’s stretch reflex; indication of UMN disease

A

hyperreflexia

73
Q

muscular spasm involving repeated, often rythmic contractions

A

clonus

74
Q

signs of UMN damage includes…

A

muscle spasticity, hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and clonus

75
Q

LMN system: neuron cell bodies are found where?

A

in cranial/spinal nerves (PNS)

76
Q

reduced muscle tone; results in paralysis/paresis/weakness

A

hypotonia

77
Q

loss of muscle bulk due to lack of innervation (only seen MSD associated with LMN)

A

atrophy

78
Q

involuntary muscle contractions (visible to eye)

A

fasciculations

79
Q

involuntary contraction of individual muscles (not visible)

A

fibrilliations

80
Q

signs of LMN damage includes…

A

hypotonia, atrophy, fasiculations, and fibrilliations

81
Q

direct activation pathway AKA pyramidal system

A

system for voluntary motor control for face and body

82
Q

indirect activation pathway AKA extrapyramidal system

A

mostly involuntary/automatic control

83
Q

Function of Pyramidal system

A

pathways are faciltory for skilled, discrete movements; very important for speech

84
Q

corticobulbar tract : supplies musculature of ______ :: cortispinal tract : supplies musculature of _____.

A

head/face and neck

limbs

85
Q

Corticobulbar tract: comprised, originates, crosses, & synapses?

A

comprised: of UMN
originates: in primary motor cortex
crosses: to opposite side of brain at brainstem
synapse: on cranial nerve nuclei at various levels of brainstem

86
Q

Corticobulbar projection to most cranial nerve nuclei is bilateral, but is contralateral to CN ____ and ____.

A

CN VII and CN XII.

87
Q

Function of Extrapyramidal System

A

helps regulate reflexes and maintain posture, tone and associated activities that provide framework for skilled movements; many inhibitory movements

88
Q

Speech Motor System

A

higher cognitive center (intent) –> association areas (motor plans) –> association areas + control circuits (programming)
–> primary motor cortex

89
Q

Corticospinal tracts: _____ UMN input to spinal nerve.

A

contralateral

90
Q

corticobulbra tracts: _____ UMN input to most crabial nerves (except CNs VII and XII)

A

bilateral

91
Q

LMN system = _____ innervation

A

ipsilateral

92
Q

Which cranial nerve has 3 branches?

A

CN V

93
Q

Unilateral LMN damage to CN V symptoms

A
  • jaw deviates to weak side when opened
  • mildly reduced strength of masticator muscles on same side as lesion
  • no major effects on speech
94
Q

Bilateral LMN damage to CN V symptoms

A
  • jaw hangs open & cant be closed; slow or limited range
  • reduced strength of masticator muscles on both sides
  • artic affected in major way
95
Q

Unilateral UMN damage to CN V sympotoms

A

No real affect on speech; other side will accommodate

96
Q

Bilateral UMN damage to CN V symptoms

A
  • limited jaw movement
  • mandible hangs low; exaggerated jaw jerk
  • artic affected in major way
97
Q

CN VII innervates ____ of the face bilaterally and _____ of the face contralaterally.

A

upper 1/3

lower 2/3

98
Q

Unilateral LMN damage to CN VII

A
  • entire side of face ipsilateral to lesion droops
  • no wrinkles, difficult to close eye, corner of mouth droops, flattened nasolabial fold
  • atrophy of muscles on side of face ipsilateral lesion
  • speech is not negatively affected to great extent
99
Q

Bilateral LMN damage to CN VII

A
  • paralysis on upper and lower facial muscles on both sides of face
  • (may) preserve emotional expression (laugh)
  • hearing is affected bilaterally
  • major difficulty producing labial and labiodental sounds
100
Q

Unilateral UMN damage to CN VII

A
  • lower 2/3 of face on contralateral side of lesion will be affected
  • flatted nasolabial fold
  • corner of mouth drops
  • little effect on speech
101
Q

Bilateral UMN damage to CN VII

A
  • both sides of face affected
  • (may) preserve emotional expression (laugh)
  • hearing is affected bilaterally
  • major difficulty producing labial and labiodental sounds
102
Q

Unilateral LMN damage to CN X

A
  • palate droops on ipsilateral side to lesion
  • mild hypernasality
  • VF paralyzed on same side as lesion
  • breathy
  • dipholphonia
  • weak pharynx on same side as lesion
  • swallowing difficulty
103
Q

Bilateral LMN damange to CN X

A
  • serious life risks b/c airway compromised
  • palate droops bilaterally
  • severe hypernasality
  • bilateral VF paralysis
  • severe breathiness
  • inhilation stridor
  • severe swallowing difficulty
104
Q

Unilateral UMN damage to CN X

A
  • minimal to no effect on phonation, resonance or swallowing
  • harsh voice quality
105
Q

Bilateral UMN damage to CN X

A
  • paresis of VFs
  • spasticity of VFs
  • strained-strangled phonation
  • hypernasality
  • swallowing difficulty
106
Q

Unilateral LMN damage to CN XII

A
  • atrophy, weakness and fasciculations of the tongue on same side as lesion
  • tongue deviates to side of lesion (weak side) on protrusion
  • mild imprecise artic
  • may have difficulty moving food around mouth
107
Q

Bilateral LMN damage to CN XII

A
  • bilateral atrophy, weakness and fasciculations of tongue
  • tongue protrusion may be limited/nonexistant
  • no tongue deviation
  • mild-severe imprecise artic
  • severe difficulty swallowing and eating
108
Q

Unilateral UMN damage to CN XII

A
  • some weakness of tongue on opposite side of lesion
  • tongue deviates to side opposite of lesion on protrusion
  • mild imprecise artic
109
Q

bilateral UMN damage to CN XII

A
  • bilateral tongue weakness
  • no tongue deviation
  • tongue protrusion may be limited/nonexistant
  • mild-severe artic imprecisio n
  • severe difficulty in swallowing and eating

CD 660: Test 1 (11 decks)

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