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PSYC 351C > Neural Networks and Cognitive Control (2) > Flashcards

Neural Networks and Cognitive Control (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive control?

A
  • effects perception, action, attention, long-term memory, language and decision making, but is not exactly each of these things
  • guides and coordinates all of these processes in services of our plans and goals
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2
Q

What is cognitive control also referred to as?

A
  • executive control
  • central executive
  • self control
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3
Q

What is an early hypothesis about what is in control? What is the issue with this?

A
  • homunculus: mini me
  • but what is going on in mini-me’s head and who is making it’s decisions
  • never-ending homunculi
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4
Q

What is meant by “banish the homunculus”?

A
  • stop appealing to an ill-defined and circular self, central executive or consciousness to explain goal-oriented behaviour
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5
Q

What is the goal of figuring out what is in control?

A
  • a mechanistic account of cognitive control in neural, psychological and computational terms
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6
Q

What are the components of cognitive control?

A
  • shifting between tasks or mental sets
  • updating and maintaining working memory representations
  • inhibition of dominant or prepotent responses
  • monitoring and adjusting performance
  • etc.
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7
Q

What is an example of shifting between tasks?

A
  • local-global task
  • presented with letters made up of smaller letters
  • if red, report global letter
  • if blue, report local letters
  • must shift between tasks depending on colour
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8
Q

What is an example of updating and maintaining working memory representations?

A
  • letter memory task
  • given a list of words and once the list stops need to report the last 4 words
  • need to continual update memory to do task
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9
Q

What is an example of inhibition of dominant responses?

A
  • stroop task
  • presented with colour words in different colours of ink
  • must either report color word or ink color
  • must inhibit dominate task of reading word in order to report ink colour
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10
Q

What brain area(s) are involved in cognitive control?

A
  • in general Prefrontal cortex
  • Lateral: “dorsolateral”! (DLPFC), ventrolateral
  • Ventromedial: orbital frontal
  • Medial: dorsomedial, “anterior cingulate”! (ACC)
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11
Q

What is the stroop task and guided activation theory model?

A
  • feed forward network
  • input: stimulus features of colour and word
  • hidden layers
  • output: responses: “red” or “green”
  • hidden layers also input to control representations of colour or word
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12
Q

What are the conditions of the stroop task?

A
  • control: colour naming without word and word reading without colour
  • conflict: color naming and word reading with conflicting colours
  • congruent: colour naming and word reading with congruent colour
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13
Q

What does the empirical data of the stroop task demonstrate?

A
  • word reading was fast for all conditions

- colour naming was significantly slower for conflict conditions and slightly faster for congruent conditions

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14
Q

What are the layers of the neural network model for the stroop task?

A
  • visual perception
  • perceptual-motor mapping
  • verbal response
  • goal maintenance/cognitive control
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15
Q

What are the stronger pathways in the neural network model for the stroop task?

A
  • shown with darker black lines
  • reporting words are strongest from input to hidden layer and hidden layer to verbal response
  • reading green is easy/fast because it is one, highly practiced response
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16
Q

How does the control condition correspond to the neural network model of the stroop task?

A
  • control word: easy/fast, only one highly practiced response
  • control ink: pretty easy/medium fast, one somewhat practiced response
17
Q

How does the incongruent condition correspond to the neural network model of the stroop task?

A
  • incongruent word: easy/fast, two competing response but highly practiced response wins
  • incongruent ink: hard/slow, two competing responses
  • requires top-down cognitive control to inhibit word reading and facilitate colour naming
18
Q

What does simulation data of the stroop task model show?

A
  • confirms the trends of the empirical data
19
Q

How is top-down control implemented?

A
  • goal representations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) provide top-down biasing of perceptual-motor mappings
  • working memory provides the representation
  • inhibition is the resulting process
20
Q

What is cognitive control overall?

A
  • cognitive control is not a set of independent faculties, but rather an integrated system
21
Q

What is the Eriksen flanker task?

A
  • central letter is surrounded by “flankers”

- flankers can be congruent or incongruent (HHHHH, HHSHH)

22
Q

What were the findings of the Eriksen flanker task?

A
  • flanker effect: incongruent trials are slower than congruent trials
  • Gratton effect: the flanker effect is smaller after incongruent trials then after congruent trials
23
Q

Why is the gratton effect seen?

A
  • after an incongruent task the level of cognitive control is turned up which makes a subsequent incongruent task faster
24
Q

Why is the flanker effect seen?

A
  • incongruent trials require top-down control
25
Q

What additional part of the neural network was identified with the eriksen flanker task model?

A
  • ACC involved in conflict monitoring
  • when conflict detected, it sends signal to DLPFC to amp up control
  • either enhances or inhibits L and R or C
26
Q

What does the model of the eriksen flanker task model show?

A
  • demonstrates the same data

- flanker effect and gratton effect

27
Q

How is self-regulation of control implemented?

A
  • anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) monitors performance for response conflict and signals dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to provide increased top-down biasing of perceptual-motor mappings
28
Q

What is the 1-2-AX task?

A
  • presented with a sequence of letters and digits
  • press left button for each except
  • press right button for X preceded by A, if most recent number was 1
  • press right button for Y preceded by B, if most recent number was 2
29
Q

What is required of someone to do the 1-2-AX task?

A
  • maintain multiple items
  • update specific items
  • ignore other items
  • use memory to control performance
  • learn when/what to maintain, store, ignore, forget
30
Q

What circuitry is used for the 1-2-AX task?

A
  • circuitry of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops

- prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia working memory (PBWM) model

31
Q

What gating is important for the 1-2-AX task?

A
  • dopamine gating of working memory
  • the gate is open when working memory is being updated
  • the gate is closed when working memory is maintaining
32
Q

How does reinforcement learning take place in the 1-2-AX task model?

A
  • reinforcement learning from dopamine prediction-error signal
33
Q

How do we learn how to control?

A
  • working memory updating and maintenance controlled by cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops
  • phasic dopamine signals indicate reward prediction errors
  • dopamine signal used to learn how to maximize reward by gating relevant information into working memory
  • controlling working memory maintenance and updating = internally directed action control
34
Q

What are the models of cognitive control?

A
  • hierarchical
  • Botvinick: control actions based on low-level or high-level interpretations (ex. which finger to respond, leave lab or stay)
  • can be physical or mental (ex. make coffee -> need sugar and milk -> add sugar..hold..pick up)
  • Fuster’s hierarchy: motor starts with high level goals and breaks it down to lower level goals, higher levels apply top-down control
35
Q

Is there hierarchical organization of the prefrontal cortex?-

A
  • higher levels moving towards the front of the brain
  • still not well understood
  • Frontopolar cortex: tracking goals
  • mid-dorsolateral PFC: task switching
  • posterior lateral PFC: selection of sequences of responses
  • Premotor cortex: response selection
36
Q

What are the key components of control?

A
  • top-down
  • self-regulated
  • learns
  • hierarchical

PSYC 351C (13 decks)

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