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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2 > Neural Histology > Flashcards

Neural Histology Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

nerves cells, quickly send messages from cell to cell

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2
Q

nervous system steps

A
  1. receive info about change in body and external environment then transmits message to CNS
  2. CNS processes info and determines the response
  3. CNS issues commands primarily to muscle and gland cells to carry out response
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3
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord, performs most decision making functions

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4
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

rest of system, nerves and ganglia

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5
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers wrapped in fibrous connective tissue

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6
Q

ganglion

A

knotlike swelling in a nerve where cell bodies of PNS neurons are concentrated

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7
Q

sensory (afferent) division

A

carries signals from various receptors

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8
Q

somatic sensory division

A

carries signals form receptors in skin muscles, bones and joints

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9
Q

visceral sensory division

A

mainly from viscera of thoracic and abdominal cavities

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10
Q

motor (efferent) division

A

carries signals from CNS mainly to gland and muscle cells that carry out body responses

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11
Q

somatic motor division

A

carries signals to skeletal muscles

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12
Q

visceral motor division (ANS)

A

carries signals to glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscles

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13
Q

sympathetic division

A

arouses body for action

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14
Q

parasympathetic division

A

calming effect

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15
Q

enteric plexus

A

lies in walls of digestive tract, enables regions of tract to communicate and coordinate their motility and secretion

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16
Q

properties of neurons

A

excitability, conductivity, secretion

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17
Q

sensory (afferent neurons)

A

specialized to detect stimuli like light, heat, pressure and chemicals then transmit info about them to CNS
- begin in most every organ and end in CNS

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18
Q

interneuron

A

lie entirely in CNS, receive signals from many other neurons and carry out integrative function of nervous system
- process, store and retrieve info and make decisions to determine stimuli responses
- ~90% of neurons

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19
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

send signals mostly to muscle and gland cells

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20
Q

cell body

A

control center of neuron

21
Q

neurites

A

extensions reading out to other cells

22
Q

dendrites

A

most neurites, resemble tree branches
- primary site for receiving signals

23
Q

axon hillock

A

mound on on side of cell body

24
Q

axoplasm and axolemma

A

cytoplasm and membrane of axon

25
Q

terminal arborization

A

extensive complex of fine branches and distal end of axon

26
Q

axon terminal

A

bulbous form at end of each branch, forms synapses

27
Q

multipolar neurons

A

one axon and multiple dendrites

28
Q

bipolar neurons

A

one axon and one dendrite

29
Q

unipolar neurons

A

one single process leading away from cell body

30
Q

anaxonic transport

A

multiple dendrites but no axon

31
Q

axonal transport

A

2 way passage of proteins, organelles, and other materials along an axon

32
Q

anterograde transport

A

away from cell body down axon

33
Q

retrograde transport

A

up axon toward cell body

34
Q

fast axonal transport

A

200-400 mm/day
- retrograde or anterograde
- moves mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, other organelles, components of axolemma, calcium ion, enzymes and small molecules
- informs cell body of conditions at axon terminals

35
Q

slow axonal transport

A

anterograde, works in stop and go fashion
- like local train that stops at every station
- 0.2-0.5 mm/day
- moves enzymes, parts of cytoskeletal down axon, renews workout axoplasmic parts and supplies new axoplasm for developing/regenerating neurons

36
Q

neuroglia/glial cells

A

non-neural supportive cells
- protect neurons and help them function
- bind neurons together and make supportive framework

37
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

kinda look like octopus, have bulbous body with as many as 15 arms
- each arm spirals around an axon creating myelin sheath

38
Q

ependymal cell

A

resemble cuboidal epithelium lining internal cavities of brain and spinal cord
- produce cerebrospinal fluid

39
Q

microglia

A

small macrophages that develop from white blood cells
- wander through CSF probing tissue for debris or other problems

40
Q

astrocytets

A

most abundent in CNS
- cover entire brain surface and most non synaptic regions of neurons in gray matter

41
Q

Schwann cells/neurilemnocytes

A

envelope axons of PNS
- winds repeatedly around axon and produce myelin sheath and assist in axon regeneration

42
Q

satellite cells

A

surround nerve cell bodies in ganglia of PNS
- provide insulation and regulate chemical environment

43
Q

myelin sheath

A

spiral layers of insulation around an axon
- made of protein and unique lipids

44
Q

neurolemma

A

thicker outermost coil of myelin sheath

45
Q

myelin sheath gap/node of ranvier

A

gap between segments of sheath

46
Q

internal segments

A

covered segments from each node to the next
- 0.2-1 mm long

47
Q

initial segment

A

short section of axon between axon hillock and first glial cell (trigger zone)

48
Q

speed of signals

A
  • small unmyelinated: .5-2 m/s
  • small myelinated: 3-15 m/s
  • large myelinated: 120 m/s
49
Q

regeneration

A

can occur if cell body is intact and some neurolemma remains

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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