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Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2 > Bone Physiology > Flashcards

Bone Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

osteology

A

study of bones

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2
Q

skeletal system

A

composed of bones, cartilage and ligaments joined to form framework for body

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3
Q

functions of skeletal system

A

support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation, hormone secretion

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4
Q

osseous tissue

A

connective tissue in which matrix is hardened by deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

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5
Q

types of bone

A

flat, long and short/irregular

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6
Q

bone make up

A

compact/dense/cortical bone, marrow cavity, spongy bone

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7
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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8
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded head at each end

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9
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage that covers bones where they meet each other

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10
Q

nutrient foramina

A

minute holes where blood vessels penetrate bone

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11
Q

periosteum

A

sheath that covers bone

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12
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchyme then give rise to most other bone types

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13
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone forming, synthesize organic matter of bone and promotes its mineralization
- process of osteogenesis

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14
Q

osteocytes

A

former osteoblasts that became embedded in the matrix they deposited
- 90-95% of bone cells

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15
Q

osteoclasts

A

bone - dissolving cells on bone surfaces
- process of osteolysis

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16
Q

Matrix

A

stony matter that surrounds the osteocytes and lacunae
- 1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic matter

17
Q

bone marrow

A

soft tissue that occupies marrow cavity of a long bone

18
Q

red bone marrow

A

fills nearly every bone in a child, hematopoietic tissue that produces blood cells

19
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

replaces most red marrow in adults, very fatty

20
Q

ossification

A

formation of bone by osteogenesis that begins with embryonic mesenchyme

21
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

produces flat bone of skull, most of clavicle and parts of mandible
steps: 1. deposition of osteoid tissue into mesenchyme
2. calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment of osteocytes
3. honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum
4. filling of pace to form compact bone at surface and spongy bone in middle

22
Q

endochondral ossification

A

process where bone developed from hyaline cartilage
1. formation of primary ossification center (diaphysis), bony collar and periosteum
2. vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity and appearance of secondary ossification center
3. bone at birth with enlarged primary marrow cavity and appearance of secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis
4. bone of child with epiphyseal plate at distal end
5. adult bone with single marrow cavity and closed epiphyseal plate

23
Q

zone of reserve cartilage

A

resting hyaline cartilage with no sign of transformation into bone

24
Q

some of cell proliferation

A

chondrocytes multiplying and lining up in rows of small flattened lacunae

25
Q

zone of cell hypertrophy

A

cessation of mitosis, enlargement of chondrocytes and thinning of lacuna walls

26
Q

zone of calcification

A

temporary calcification of cartilage matrix between columns of lacunae

27
Q

zone of bone deposition

A

breakdown of lacuna walls-leaving open channels, death of chondrocytes, bone deposition by osteoblasts, forming trabecular of spongy bone

28
Q

oppositional growth

A

deposition of new tissue at the surface
- allows bone to continually grow in diameter and thickness

29
Q

wolfs law of bone

A

architecture of bone is determined by mechanical stresses place upon it and bone adapts to withstand it

30
Q

mineralization

A

crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone tissue

31
Q

mineral resorption

A

process of dissolving bone

32
Q

hypocalcemia

A

calcium deficiency, causes excessive excitability of nervous system

33
Q

hypercalcemia

A

calcium excess, nerve and muscle cells are less excitable

34
Q

calcitriol

A

form of vitamin D produced by skin, liver and kidneys
- behaves as hormone, raises blood calcium concentrate, increases calcium absorption by small intestine and from skeleton an promotes reabsorption by kidneys

35
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland and secreted when blood calcium is too high

36
Q

osteoclast inhibition

A

after secretion reduces osteoclast activity up to 70%os

37
Q

osteoblast stimulation

A

w/in one hour, increases number and activity of osteoblasts

38
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

secreted by parathyroid glands when blood calcium is low

Anatomy and Physiology Unit 2 (7 decks)

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