Neural disorders 1

Question 1

450 million people around the world suffer from Neurological conditions, what are the 4 main catergories.

Answer 1

Mental diseases, neurological diseases (pathological), substance abuse disorders and learning and developmental disabilities.

Question 2

What does the WHO classification rely on.

Answer 2

It relies on the fact that some of the causes were organic and some were purely functional—> that is there were some that was an issue with the hardware where the mental issue was something to do with the software.

Question 3

Elaborate on the nature of learning and developmental disabilities

Answer 3

Includes functional limitations that manifest in infancy or childhood as a result of disorders of injuries to the developing nervous system.

Question 4

What are some of the disorders caused by

Answer 4

Genetic, Mutlifactorial (such a neural tube defects), Nutritional (creatisim- iodine defiency), infections (rubella, STD, AIDs), toxic exposure (prenatal), Perinatal complications (cerebral palsy, seizures), injury ( traumatic brain injuries), poverty economic disadvantage (mild mental retardation).

Question 5

Describe mental disorders

Answer 5

Diseases that affect cognition, emotion and behavioural control and substantially interfere with learning, function in everyday life,

Question 6

Discuss complex aeithologies

Answer 6

Genetic and non genetic factors- males have a higher risk of autism, substance abuse disorders and ADHD. Females- eating disorders, depression, anxiety

Question 7

What are the most significant mental disorders

Answer 7

Schnizophrenia, Bipolar affective disorder, major depressive disorder, panic disorder

Question 8

What suggested the underlying pathophysiology

Answer 8

The development of pharmacological interventions indicated the possible underlying pathophysiology

Question 9

Let’s discuss Schinzophrenia

Answer 9

Quite prevalent (1%), can be well managed, may exhibit prodromal signs, present of negative symptoms (the absence of normal symptoms.Genetic component- not a simple mendelian relationship 50% concordance in identical twins– showing environmental factors.

Question 10

What are some of the prodromal signs of schnizophrenia

Answer 10

Social withdrawal, neglect of personal hygiene, odd ideas and behaviour, paucity of speech, flattened effect.

Question 11

What are some of the non psychotic signs of Schizophrenia

Answer 11

Certain tendencies to become overloaded with information, difficulty in crowded rooms or when people are talking (cannot effectively portray selective attention, periods of greater mental activity and excitement.

Question 12

What causes acute psychotic episodes?

Answer 12

Delusions, hallucinations, grandiosity, spritual and supernatural experiences, controlled for external forces.

Question 13

If you look at a brain scan what would you see with a person with schnizophrenia

Answer 13

Enlarged lateral ventricle (someone who and had the disease for a long time). Not seen in the brain scan- but you get an increase in excitatory synapses and a decrease in inhibitory synapses.

Question 14

What have genome wide studies revealed?

Answer 14

Possible HLA relationship

Question 15

There has been postulates suggesting that these individuals (schnizophrenic have something wrong with their dopamine systems) but this hypothesis is not without criticism. What are the 3 criticisms?

Answer 15

1. Some people respond to D2 anatagonists but it takes a long time to respond, despite quick binding to the dopamine receptors.
2. PCP (angel dust)- drug that induces similar symptoms of schnizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions) but acts on a subclass of glutamate receptors
3. Some people do not respond to dopamine but rather drugs with broad monoamine antagonism.

Question 16

Name the neurological diseases

Answer 16

Epilepsy, AD, PD, stroke.

Question 17

AD

Answer 17

Deterioration of intellectual function and cognitive skills (dementia), AD most common form, characterised by deposition of amyloid protein and disruption of the neuronal cytoskeleton, profound loss of memory, some things okay perception, understanding, motor movement still okay but slow, pockets of memory left.

Question 18

Describe the pathogenesis of AD

Answer 18

EC plaques caused by a build up of an abnormal configuration of a amyloid causing neurons to produce abnormal IC aggregates of tau protein, normally the tau protein is present where it stabilises microtubules, in neurons IC tau forms aggregates and this causes neuronal death.

Question 19

Relationship b/w DS and AD

Answer 19

DS - early onset of AD
Precursor protein not celaved properly and isnoluble forms usually disappear but this time did not. predominately the parietal and occipital region.

Question 20

Epilepsy

Answer 20

2 or more unprovoked seizures

Question 21

How is epilepsy characterised by EEG

Answer 21

Massive increase in activity and synchrony, transient, hyper synchronous and abnormal neuronal activity. Occur is close temporal association with acute stroke, sepsis, or alcohol withdrawal.

Question 22

What are the three types of epilepsy

Answer 22

Idiopathic- childhood onset absence, genetic 10%, secondary or symptomatic epilepsy- CNS injury or disorder such as infection, stroke or traumatic injury (20%), cryptogenic epilepsy- no clear aetiology (60%). Believed ion channels, nt receptors directly related to epilepsy.

Question 23

Ms

Answer 23

Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic, autoimmune disease characterized by destruction of myelin in the CNS. MS can cause a variety of symptoms, including changes in sensation, visual problems, muscle weakness, depression, difficulties with coordination and speech, severe fatigue, cognitive impairment, problems with balance, overheating, and pain.

Question 24

Risk factors MS

Answer 24

Temperant environment, causian, female and middle class risk class.