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Neuro > Neural Development > Flashcards

Neural Development Flashcards

1
Q

Anencephaly

A

Failure of anterior neuropore to close

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2
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of posterior neuropore to close

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3
Q

Formation of Nervous System

A

Neural plate –> neural grove –> neural tube

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4
Q

4th Week

A 
Primary Vesicles
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Spinal Cord
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5
Q

5th Week

A

Secondary Vesicles
Forebrain (prosencephalon): Cerebral Hemispheres (telencephalon)
Thalamus & Hypothalamus (diencephalon)
Midbrain: (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Spinal Cord

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6
Q

9th Month

A

Developed Brain

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7
Q

5th Month

A

Development of convolutions and sulci

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8
Q

6th Month

A

6 cortical layers developed

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9
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents capable of producing congenital abnormalities/interfering with development (infections, drugs, alcohol, environmental pollutant, radiation)

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10
Q

Pre-embryonic Period and Teratogens

A

Toxic agents interfere with all cells and results in death

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11
Q

Embryonic Period and Teratogens

A

As this is the time of tissue/organ differentiation, there is extreme sensitivity to teratogens and results in most severe functional and morphological deficits

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12
Q

Fetus and Teratogens

A

Little differentiation of tissues, less vulnerability to effects of teratogens; decreased cell size and number

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13
Q

Cell Proliferation

A

Development of new neurons

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14
Q

Cell Differentiation

A

Different types of neurons generated

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15
Q

Cell Migration

A

Neurons travel to ultimate location in CNS. Develops in an inside-out function with deeper layers produced first

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16
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Creation of synapses with other neurons and the increase in the complexity of dendritic trees and number of dendritic spines

17
Q

Selective Cells Death

A

As particular brain areas develop, they loss synapses in order to create circuits that are most effective/efficient

18
Q

Myelination

A

Starts with most primitive areas and extends to more complex areas (spinal cord and brain stem first followed by midbraind and diencephalon and then telencephalon)

19
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Primarily genetically-determined structural development; largely experience independent; sequence of development varies little among individuals

20
Q

Postnatal Development

A

Dramatic increase in the role of experience in neural development; largely experience dependent

21
Q

Reticular Activating System (Brain Stem)

A

Functioning at birth; serves vital life functions: breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc; role in alertness and consciousness

22
Q

Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus)

A

Functioning at birth; regulates internal environment/needs (hunger, sleep)

23
Q

Limbic system (Amygdala, Hippocampus)

A

One of first to develop prenatally, but neurogenesis continues postnatally; close relationshipp between limbic and hypothalamus

24
Q

Auditory System (Ear to Heschl’s gyrus)

A

Mechaical aspects reasonably mature at birth but not finished myelinating until 4

25
Q

Visual System (Retina to Calcarine Fissure)

A

Fovea not finished developing until after birth and visual cortex develops rapidly during first year

26
Q

Somatosensory System (Skin/muscle receptors to postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe)

A

Thermal, tactile and positional information (crucial for infant’s early exploration of the world by touch)

27
Q

Pyramidal Motor System (Precentral gyrus in frontal lobe to muscles)

A

responsible for initiation of voluntary, rapid, precise control of extremities

28
Q

Extrapyramidal Motor System (basal ganglia & cerebellum)

A

Responsible for alteration and adjustments in posture and coordination of movements initiated by the pyramidal system

29
Q

Motor System

A

Locomotion and manipulation abilities develop throughout childhood with increased ability associated with integration of both motor systems

30
Q

Association Areas

A

Cortical area where information from other areas is integrated

31
Q

Commissural - Interhemipheric Pathways

A

Transmit refined information from one side of brain to the other - integrative function; late development postnatally

32
Q

Critical Period

A

Developmental windows during which specific brain areas are developing and associated functions are emerging; genetically-determined periods of rapid neural development

33
Q

Plasticity

A

Capacity of brain to adapt or change after environmental stimulation

34
Q

Focal Injury

A

Circumscribed brain area is affected (hemispherectomy); better when younger

35
Q

Diffuse Injury

A

Whole brain is effected (TBI, toxic exposure); better when older

Neuro (6 decks)

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