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PSYC 3604 A > NEUR 2202 > Flashcards

NEUR 2202 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A cell that has (1) unlimited self renewing potential and is (2) totipotent/pluripotent/multipotent

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2
Q

What are the three types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic, induced pluripotent and adult stem cells

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3
Q

What is a Protozoan?

A

A single celled microscopic animal. Reproduction by splitting in two

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4
Q

What did evolution favour in regards to animal cells?

A

Favored cells clumping together as it increased survival

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5
Q

What is a Metazoan?

A

A multicellular animal

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6
Q

Who suggested epigenesis?

A

Aristotle

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7
Q

What is epigenesis?

A

Process by which successfully more complex body structures appear over development

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8
Q

T/F: Early in development, all vertebrates look alike

A

True, however, as development advances, there is increased divergence, supporting the notion of epigenesis

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9
Q

What is visible in the human embryo at about 28 days?

A

Embryonic Vertebrate Nervous System Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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10
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilization to 2 weeks

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11
Q

What is an embryo?

A

2 to 8 weeks

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12
Q

What is a fetus?

A

9 weeks to birth

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13
Q

What is the neural plate and when does it develop?

A

Thickened region of the ectodermal layer that gives rise to the neural tube.
Develops 3 weeks after conception

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14
Q

What is the neural tube?

A

Structure in the early stage of brain development from which the brain and spinal cord develop

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15
Q

What are some major events in development? (i.e., Day 49, Day 60, Day 100, 7 months and 9 months)

A

Day 49: Embryo begins to resemble a miniature person

Day 60: Sexual differentiation (genitals and brain regions)

Day 100: Brain looks distinctly human

7 months: Gyri and sulci begin to form

9 months: Brain looks like an adult brain

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16
Q

What is ontogeny?

A

The process of individual development, growing up and growing old

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17
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Site of gene transcription (cells “executive office”)

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18
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Double-helix structure that hold’s an organism’s entire deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence

Contain the genes

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19
Q

What are the four nucleotide bases?

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Gyanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

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20
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

23 pairs

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21
Q

What is a gene?

A

Sequences of DNA that encode the synthesis of particular proteins

Sequences of nucleotides determine which amino acids are to be joined to form the particular protein

22
Q

Is use it or lose it true with genes?

A

NO
Cells do not lose genes that are not used, rather gene expression is regulated

23
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Genes are turned on or off (activated or repressed)

24
Q

What are the two specifications of cell fate?

A
  1. Mosaic specification of cell fate (autonomous)
    and
  2. Conditional specification of cell fate (cell-cell interactions)
25
Q

What is self-regulation?

A

The process by which embryos manage to compensate for missing or damaged cells and nevertheless produce an entire individual. A form of plasticity.

26
Q

What is an example of conditional specification of cell fate (non-autonomous)?

A

Induction: the process by which one group of cells directs the differentiation of other nearby cells

27
Q

What is the starting point of embryonic specification?

A

Mangold/Spemann - 1924

28
Q

What is an example of cell-cell interactions inducing specification by juxtacrine interactions?

A

Lateral inhibition

29
Q

What are the two key concepts of Ernst Haeckel’s illustration of the similarity of early embryos?

A
  1. Understanding selection with reference to adult phenotypes (if trait is not advantageous until adulthood - then no reason to develop earlier)
  2. Early embryonic adaptations or mutations are often lethal (magnification of a mutation due to downstream effects)
30
Q

Why study fruit flies?

A
  • Relatively quick maturation
  • Genome is mapped
  • Easily mutated
  • Many genes homologous to mammalian genes (75%)
  • Obvious phenotypic mutants
  • Grossly simplified model
31
Q

What do gap genes originate from?

A
  1. Maternal factors
  2. High levels of Bicoid + HB induce giant
  3. Low levels of HB permits the expression of Kruppel
  4. Caudal protein (posterior) activates giant and knirps
  5. Mutual inhibitions HB-Kn; G-Kr, Hierarchy
32
Q

What is the Hierarchy of regulatory genes?

A
  1. Maternal polarity genes (bicoid, nanos, caudal)
  2. Gap genes (hunchback, Kruppel, knirps)
  3. Pair-rule genes (even-skipped, fushi-tarazu, hairy, runt)
  4. Segment polarity genes (engrailed, wingless, hedgehog, armadillo)
  5. Homeotic selector genes (HOX) (birthorax, ultrabithorax, antennapedia)
33
Q

Why is the hierarchy of regulatory genes hierarchical?

A
  1. Time of expression
  2. Earlier genes (higher up) dictate later gene expression (lower in hierarchy)
  3. Higher genes are expressed over larger areas of the embryo, regios become smaller and more discrete/specific with descending order
34
Q

T/F: Gap genes produce proteins that induce pair-rule genes…

A

True

35
Q

What is a neural stem cell?

A
  • A self-renewing multipotent cell that gives rise to neurons and glia
  • Line the neural tube and have an extensive capacity for self-renewal
  • This process repeats again and again throughout a person’s lifetime
36
Q

What is the subventricular zone?

A

Lining of neural stem cells surrounding the ventricles in adults

37
Q

What are common myths surrounding stem cells in science and medicine?

A

Scientists engaged in stem cell research conduct unethical studies

Stem cells are obtained from aborted fetuses

Stem cells have no therapeutic potential

38
Q

What are the stages of brain development?

A
  1. Cell Birth (neurogenesis; gliogenesis)
  2. Cell Migration
  3. Cell Differentiation
  4. Cell Maturation (dendrite and axon growth)
  5. Synaptogenesis (formation of synapses)
  6. Cell DEath and Synaptic Pruning
  7. Myelogenesis (formation of myelin)
38
Q

What is a neuroblast?

A

Product of a progenitor cell that gives rise to different types of neurons

38
Q

What is a progenitor cell?

A

Precursor cell derived from a stem cell; it migrates and produces a neuron or glial cell.
Produce nondividing cells known as neuroblasts or glioblasts

38
Q

What is a glioblast?

A

Product of a progenitor cell that gives rise to different types of glial cells

39
Q

Explain Cell Birth

A

Transcription factors and growth factors act to support growth and differentiation in developing neurons; begins about 7 weeks after conception

Largely complete by 5 months

Exception: SVZ and SGZ (Hippocampus) makes new cells throughout life

Brain can more easily cope with injury during this time (first 5 months of gestation)

40
Q

Explain Cell Migration

A

Begins shortly after first neurons are generated

Continues for 6 weeks in cortex and longer in hippocampus

Damage has more serious consequences

41
Q

What is a radial glial cell?

A

path making cell that a migrating neuron follows to its appropriate destination

42
Q

Explain Cell Differentiation

A

Neuroblasts become specific types of neurons

Begins after cells have begun to migrate

Essentially complete at birth
(Although neuron maturation, which includes the growth of dendrites, axons, and synapses, goes on for years and, in some parts of the brain, may continue throughout adulthood)

43
Q

What do the microglia do?

A

Microglia migrate from the yolk sac (gut) to the brain very early on and they actually serve to guide this interneuron (tangential) migration much like radial glia do for excitatory cells afterwards

44
Q

How long does neural differentiation and maturation go on for?

A

Depends on the species, but in humans it goes on for 20+ years in some regions

45
Q

How did the hominid brain enlarge?

A

neoteny

46
Q

What is neoteny?

A

The rate of maturation/development of an organism is slowed or delayed

  • Allows more brain cells to be produced
  • Adults retain some infant characteristics
    Newly evolved species resemble the young of their common ancestors
  • Adult human heads look more like the heads of juvenile chimpanzees than adult chimps
47
Q
A

PSYC 3604 A (5 decks)

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