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Everything > Networking > Flashcards

Networking Flashcards

1
Q

What are networking rules called?

A

Protocols

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2
Q

What does SOHO stand for?

A

Small Office Home Network

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3
Q

What is a host?

A

Any device (pc, tablet, phone, printer) connected to a network that participates in network communications

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4
Q

What is throughput?

A

The amount of data sent and received over a network

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5
Q

What is bandwidth?

A

The maximum capacity of the media to carry data

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6
Q

Through what do mobile phones transmit voice signal?

A

Radio waves

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7
Q

Why are mobile phones called cell phones?

A

Because the geographic area that a tower can provide a signal to is called a “Cell”

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8
Q

What is the most common type of cellular phone network called?

A

GMS (Global System for Mobile Communications)

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9
Q

What does the G stand for in 3G or 4G?

A

Generation

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10
Q

What is the accuracy of a GPS?

A

10 meters

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11
Q

What does NFC stand for?

A

Near Field Communication (a few centimeters)

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12
Q

What is a Wi-Fi signal?

A

A radio wave

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13
Q

What is the current Ethernet Standard?

A

IEEE 802.3

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14
Q

What component does a device need to connect to an Ethernet LAN?

A

An Ethernet Network Interface Card (NIC)

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15
Q

What are the unique addresses of devices?

A

MAC addresse

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16
Q

What does MAC address stand for?

A

Media Access Control

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17
Q

What is an end-user device IP address used for?

A

Identify the host on the network

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18
Q

What is an end-user device subnet mask used for?

A

Identify the network on which the host is connected

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19
Q

What is an end-user default gateway used for?

A

Identify the networking device that the host uses to access the Internet or another remot network

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20
Q

What is a DNS server used for?

A

Translate a domain name to an IP address

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21
Q

What kind of server automatically gives you an IP address?

A

A DHCP server

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22
Q

Why would you want to manually configure an IP address (manual addressing)?

A

For a server, something static

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23
Q

What is the most common connectivity in Ethernet networks?

A

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

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24
Q

What is the most common connector on UTC cables?

A

RJ-45

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25
Q

Generally, how many copper wires are on a UTP cable?

A

8 wires arranged in pairs

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26
Q

What is an advantage of fiber optics

A

Long distance, immune to EM interference

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27
Q

What is the connector type of telephones or fax machines?

A

RJ-11

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28
Q

What is the advantage of a coaxial over UTP?

A

Better shielding

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29
Q

How many fiber optics cables is in a fiber optic circuit?

A

2 one to transmit, the other to receive

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30
Q

What 2 standards typically define the pinout of UTP cables?

A

T568A and T568B

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31
Q

What type of UTP cables do Unlike devices require?

A

Straight-through cables

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32
Q

What type of UTP cables do Like devices require?

A

Crossover cables

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33
Q

What is the name of the Traceroute utility in Windows?

A

tracert

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34
Q

What is each network called on a message route?

A

A hop

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35
Q

What are the 3 essential elements of communication?

A

A message source, a receiver, and a transmission medium or channel

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36
Q

What are the rules of communication called in networking?

A

Protocols

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37
Q

What does TCP stand for and what is it used for?

A

Transmission control protocol. Makes sure the message gets to its destination reliably

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38
Q

What are the 6 aspects of communication defined by protocols?

A 
Timing
Message size
Encapsulation
Message format
Encoding
Message pattern
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39
Q

Who are the internet standards published and maintained by?

A

The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

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40
Q

How do you call multiple protocols working together for sending a message?

A

A protocol stack

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41
Q

How many layers are in the standard TCP/IP model?

A

4

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42
Q

What are the different layers of the TCI/IP model?

A

Application (ex: HTTP)
Transport (ex: TCP)
Internet (ex: IP)
Network access (ex: Ethernet)

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43
Q

What is the most common reference model?

A

The OSI model

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44
Q

How many layers does the OSI model have?

A

7

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45
Q

On what OSI layers does the Ethernet protocol operate?

A

1 and 2

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46
Q

What type of address is used for Ethernet addressing?

A

MAC address

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47
Q

Who manages the Ethernet protocol?

A

the IEEE

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48
Q

What part of a MAC address determines the vendor?

A

The 3 first bytes

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49
Q

What part of the MAC address is the component’s unique ID?

A

The 3 last bytes

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50
Q

What is the 3 first bytes of a MAC address called?

A

The Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)

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51
Q

What is encapsulation?

A

Like placing a letter in an envelope to add source, destination, and message

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52
Q

What is a frame?

A

A computer message encapsulated in a specific format

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53
Q

What is a preamble?

A

The first part of a frame, a 7-byte pattern of alternating 1s and 0s to synchronize timing

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54
Q

What are the 3 layers of Ethernet hierachical design?

A
  • Access layer (connection to host on LAN)
  • Distribution layer (interconnects smaller networks)
  • Core layer (high-speed connection to WAN)
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55
Q

What defines the network portion of an IPv4 address from the host portion?

A

The subnet mask

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56
Q

What happens to the source and target MAC address of an Ethernet frame during internetwork communication?

A

They change

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57
Q

What is the most common Access layer device?

A

Switches

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58
Q

What is the most common Distribution layer device?

A

Routers

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59
Q

What is the most common Core layer device?

A

Switch route processors

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60
Q

Where do switches check to see where to send a message?

A

Its MAC address table

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61
Q

How do you call the temporary connection between the message source and destination that’s created by a switch?

A

A circuit

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62
Q

What is switch flooding?

A

When a switch doesn’t recognize a destination MAC address, it sends the message to every connected host

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63
Q

What is a broadcast?

A

A message sent to all hosts on a LAN

64
Q

What is the destination MAC address of a broadcast?

A

FFFF.FFFF.FFFF

65
Q

What is ARP?

A

Address Resolution Protocol.

It is used to find the MAC address of a host on a LAN using its IP address

66
Q

What are the 3 steps of the ARP process?

A
  • Sending host broadcasts the target IPv4 address on the network
  • Host with broadcasted IPv4 address replies to the broadcasting host with its MAC address
  • First host stores the destination host’s MAC address in an ARP table
67
Q

Why do we divide a network? (3 reasons)

A
  • Limit the broadcast domain
  • Security reasons
  • Moving things to different locations
68
Q

How do you call devices that are beyond our local network?

A

Remote hosts

69
Q

What layer does routers take their decisions on?

A

Layer 3, IP addresses

70
Q

When is a router used to forward a message?

A

When the IP source and destination do not match

71
Q

What does each router port connect to?

A

A different local network

72
Q

How do you call the forwarding of packets towards their destination network?

A

Routing

73
Q

Where do routers look to find ip addresses it knows?

A

In its routing table

74
Q

What is the IPv4 address of a broadcast?

A

255.255.255.255

75
Q

What does a router do if it cannot determine where to forward a message?

A

It drops it

76
Q

What is the destination MAC address of a frame for a packet sent to a remote host?

A

The MAC address of the default gateway

77
Q

How many bits is an IPv4 address?

A

32

78
Q

What is the maximum number represented with 8 bits in binary?

A

255

79
Q

What operator is used to determine network address with the subnet mask?

A

AND

80
Q

How do you write the portion of a host who’s subnet mask matches the first 24 bits? (192.168.3.10/255.255.255.0)

A

/24

81
Q

What is the process name used by a computer to determine if an address is on its network?

A

Binary ANDing

82
Q

What is a prefix length?

A

Shorthand of a subnet mask that says how many bits are set to 1

83
Q

How do you calculate how many hosts can be on a network?

A

2^(number of host bits)-2

84
Q

What is the name of the current addressing system?

A

CIDR: Classless Inter-Domain Routing

85
Q

What is a public IPv4 address?

A

An address globally routed between ISP routers

86
Q

What is a private IPv4 address?

A

Addresses that are not unique and that can be used in internal networks (ex: 10.0.0.0, 192.168.0.0, 172.16.0.0 etc.)

87
Q

What translates a private IPv4 address to a public IPv4 address?

A

NAT, Network Address Translation

Done by the Router connected to the IPS’s network

88
Q

Who manages and allocates the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for the Regional Internet Registries?

A

The IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

89
Q

Who Allocates IP addresses to ISPs?

A

The RIR (Regional Internet Registries)

90
Q

What is a unicast transmission?

A

A normal host-to-host communication, either client/server or peer-to-peer

91
Q

What is the reserved IPv4 address range for multicasts?

A

224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

92
Q

What is DHCP?

A

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, used to assign an IPv4 address to a host automatically

93
Q

Why can a router be both a DHCP client and server?

A

The router is a client from the ISP’s DHCP server to get a public IPv4 address. The router is also a DHCP server giving a private IPv4 address to all hosts on the network

94
Q

What is the destination IP and MAC addresses of a DHCP client’s DHCP Discover broadcast?

A

MAC: FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF
IPv4: 255.255.255.255

95
Q

What are the 4 messages exchanged between a DHCP client and server to define an IPv4 address?

A

DHCPDiscover (looks for DHCP server)»
<>
<

96
Q

What is a 169.254.x.x address and what does it mean?

A

It is an APIPA address (Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing), and it means that the DHCP server is unavailable.

97
Q

How is the default gateway address assigned to a host?

A

Either manually or dynamically by DHCP

98
Q

How long is an IPv6 address?

A

128 bits

99
Q

What are 2 advantages of IPv6 addresses?

A

Almost infinite number of devices

No need for NAT

100
Q

Why use Hexadecimal?

A

Hex is perfect for matching 4 bits

ex: 1 hex = 0001 bin, F hex = 1111

101
Q

How many Hexadecimal digits is an octet?

A

2

102
Q

How many hextets are in an IPv6 address?

A

8

103
Q

How many bits are in a hextet?

A

16

104
Q

What do subnet masks default to?

A
  1. 255.255.0 /24
  2. 255.0.0 /16
  3. 0.0.0 /8
105
Q

What do IPv6 addresses have instead of a subnet mask?

A

Network prefixes

106
Q

What type of address does an IPv6 device give itself on start-up?

A

A link-Local Unicast Address (FE80::Interface ID, address that stays within the network)

107
Q

What type of message does a IPv6 host needt to create its Global Unicast Address (public address)?

A

The ICMPv6 Router Advertisement

108
Q

How does a IPv6 host receive a ICMPv6 Router Advertisement?

A

It sends it automatically every 200 secondes

The Host can ask for one with a ICMPv6 Router Solicitation

109
Q

What router option allows a host to create its own IPv6 address?

A

SLAAC (Stateless Address Autoconfiguration)

110
Q

What is the first step a web client does to access a web server with a URL?

A

DNS Lookup

111
Q

What is a socket?

A

The identifier of all the components that belong in a conversation

112
Q

What does UDP stand for?

A

User Datagram Protocol

113
Q

What transport layer protocol does an application use when it wants an acknowledgement that the message is delivered?

A

TCP

114
Q

What transport layer protocol is used when no acknowledgement is needed?

A

UDP

115
Q

What is an advantage of UDP over TCP?

A

UDP is faster

116
Q

What type of port is dynamically generated over port number 1024?

A

The source port

117
Q

What are examples of high level domains?

A

.com, .edu, .net

118
Q

What happens if a DNS server cannot determine the IP address of a domain name in its DNS table?

A

The request times out

119
Q

What type of packet is a ping?

A

ICMP packet (Internet Control Message Protocol)

120
Q

In Windows, hat command shows your default DNS server?

A

nslookup

121
Q

What is the port number of HTTPS?

A

443

122
Q

What governs the rules of communication between a web client and a web server?

A

HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)

123
Q

To what port does the FTP port 21 change to once the FTP session is open?

A

20

124
Q

What is one of the oldest Application Layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite?

A

Telnet

125
Q

What replaced Telnet?

A

SSH

126
Q

Why is Telnet unsafe?

A

Information is transferred as plaintext

127
Q

What are the 2 most common home network wireless frequencies?

A

2.4 GHz and 5 GHz

128
Q

What wireless band is used by Bluetooth?

A

2.4 GHz

129
Q

What organisation is responsible for the creation of wireless technical standards?

A

The IEEE

130
Q

What standard governs the WLAN environment?

A

IEEE 802.11

131
Q

What does SSID stand for?

A

Service Set Identifier

132
Q

What is the maximum number of characters of an SSID?

A

32

133
Q

Why are wireless channels used?

A

To prevent interference of wi-fi networks operating over the same frequency range

134
Q

What is a channel?

A

A division of the available RF spectrum

135
Q

What is used on Wireless networks to prevent collision during transmission?

A

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
Creates a reservation on a channel for a specific conversation

136
Q

What are the 4 steps of the channel reservation process?

A
  • Device sends a Request to Send (RTS)
  • If channel available, AP responds with a Clear to Send (CTS) broadcasted on the channel, so all devices know that the channel is busy
  • Device transmits data
  • Device sends and Acknowledgement (ACK) to the AP to free the channel
137
Q

What does DSL stand for?

A

Digital Subscriber Line

138
Q

What are the three types of wireless authentication methods?

A

Open authentication
PSK
EAP

139
Q

What is the encryption method of WPA2 on home networks?

A

PSK

140
Q

What is one of the easiest way hackers gain access to networks?

A

Social Engineering

141
Q

What are the 2 types of DoS attacks?

A

SYN (synchronous) Flooding

Ping of death

142
Q

What does RPS stand for?

A

Redundant power system

143
Q

What port is used to configure a switch?

A

Console port

144
Q

What type of network device management requires a computer to be directly connected to the console port?

A

Out-of-band management

145
Q

What type of network device management can be done over a network connection?

A

In-band management

146
Q

What does IOS stand for?

A

Internetwork Operating System

147
Q

How do you activate priviledged exec mode on the IOS CLI?

A

Type enable

148
Q

How do you know if you’re privileged on the IOS CLI?

A

The hashtag means you are privileged

149
Q

How do you access the IOS Help command on the Cisco CLI?

A

Question mark (?)

150
Q

What IOS CLI command is used to get information?

A

show + argument

151
Q

What elements are usually configured on a LAN switch?

A

host name
management IP address information
passwords
descriptive information

152
Q

What are the Telnet and SSH connections to a networking device called?

A

vty lines

153
Q

What does ipconfig do?

A

Displays IP configuration information

154
Q

What does netstat do?

A

Displays network connections

155
Q

What does tracert do?

A

Displays the route taken to a destination

156
Q

What does nslookup do?

A

Queries the DNS server for information on a destination domain

Everything (21 decks)

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