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Network Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Encapsulation/Decapsulation?

A

The process of adding (down) or removing (up) a Header from a layer when data is travelling through an OSI or TCP/IP model. Data is wrapped with protocol-specific headers and trailers e.g. Transport layer adds TCP segment, IP header packet then added at Network layer, etc.

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2
Q

What is an OSI model?

A

OSI stands for Open System’s Interconnection Model and consists of the 7 layers computers use to communicate over a network.

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3
Q

What does PDU stand for?

A

PDU stands for Protocol Data Unit. It is the unique names given to data on each layer of the OSI model. Includes Data (Physical, Presentation, Session), Segment (Transport), Packet (Network), Frame (Data Link) and Bits (Physical).

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4
Q

What is the minimum length of each header?

A

20 octets (bytes)

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5
Q

Define MTU.

A

MTU stands for Maximum Transmission Unit. It defines the maximum size of a frame in the data link layer. In case a packet exceeds the tolerated size, it is fragmentised.

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6
Q

What is a Circuit-Switched Network?

A

A Circuit-Switched Network is when nodes between devices are predetermined and must be set up before they can communicate. It follows the same route.

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7
Q

What is a Packet-Switched Network?

A

A Packet-Switched Network splits data into packets at the Network layer, and each packet may take different routes to others from the source.

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8
Q

What is a MAC Address?

A

The Medium Access Control address. At the Data Link layer, devices use physical addresses to identify their neighbours.

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9
Q

What is the ARP?

A

The ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It is used to detect MAC addresses and find out the logical IP address associated to it.

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10
Q

If two devices want to exchange data packets and the size of each unit is too big, how is this data transmitted between them?

A

A packet is fragmented in the network layer. An identifier is added to each fragment (sub-packet). The new fragment is treated as a standard packet.

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11
Q

What is the maximum size of an IP packet?

A

65,535 octets.

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12
Q

What is a Router?

A

A device that connects 2 or more networks together.

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13
Q

What is a Hub?

A

A node that broadcasts data to every ethernet-based device or computer connected to it.

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14
Q

What is a repeater?

A

Regenerates or amplifies signals to extend their reach in the network.

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15
Q

What is a Switch?

A

Connects devices in a network enabling them to talk by exchanging data packets

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16
Q

What is a Network Collision?

A

When two or more data packets try occupy the same network channel at the same time.

17
Q

List the PDUs

A

Data (Application, Presentation, Session), Segments (Transport), Packet (Network), Frame (Data Link), Bits (Physical)

18
Q

What’s the difference between upper layers and lower layers?

A

Upper layers are known as Application layers and are usually implemented only in software. Lower layers are known as Transport layers, and Physical and Data Link are implemented in hardware and software.

19
Q

What is the Physical layer?

A

Manages communication in the physical link (signal, voltage, physical data rates, recovery of link failure)

20
Q

What is the Link layer?

A

Provides reliable transit of data across physical network link (physical addressing, error notification, sequencing of frames, flow control, etc.)

21
Q

What is the Network layer?

A

Defines the network topology and the routing

22
Q

What is the Transport layer?

A

Segments data and ensures error-free transmission

23
Q

What is the Session layer?

A

Establishes, manages and terminates communication sessions (SCP, SIP, etc.)

24
Q

What is the Presentation layer?

A

Provides coding and conversion functions that are applied to Application layer data

25
Q

What is the Application layer?

A

Identifies communication partners, determines resource availability, and synchronises communication

26
Q

What is Control Communication (CI)?

A

It is how peer layers communicate, using headers and trailers.

27
Q

What are Bridges?

A

Filter, segment and connect 2 LANs. Extends the effective length of a LAN, reduces traffic, and acts as firewall for network errors. Can be local (using LAN switches) and remote (using WAN)

28
Q

What are Switches?

A

Found on Layer 2 (Data Link) of the OSI model. Forward and flood traffic based on MAC addresses. Segments large LAN into smaller segments. Have many ports compared to bridges. Reduces collision and supports cut-through switching.

29
Q

What are the three types of routers?

A

Access router, Core router and Edge router.

30
Q

What is an Access Router/Point?

A

A router that connects directly to end hosts. May be mobile or stationary.

31
Q

What is a Core Router?

A

Connects to multiple access routers (multiple LANs) and performs intra-domain routing.

32
Q

What is an Edge router?

A

Connects and performs routing between different AS. Ingress Router (traffic enters a domain) and Egress Router (traffic leave a domain)

33
Q

What is a Collision Domain?

A

When a device sends out a message to the network, all other devices included in its collision domain have to pay attention to it. This causes problems in situations where two devices send out their messages simultaneously. A collision will occur causing them to wait and re-transmit their messages one at a time. Only happens in half-duplex mode.

34
Q

Explain one way of reducing collisions

A

Switches reduce collisions by isolating each port to its own collision domain, typically by using full-duplex technology where each port can send and receive data at the same time, eliminating collisions.

35
Q

What is the Broadcast Domain?

A

The Broadcast Domain is the domain in which a broadcast is forwarded containing all the devices that can reach each-other at the Data Link layer via broadcast.

36
Q

What is a Collision Domain?

A

A Collision Domain is any part of the network where packet collisions can occur. When two devices send a packet at the same time on a shared network segment, they collide and must be resent.

37
Q

What is a Network Port?

A

A virtual port where network connections begin and end.

38
Q

What is Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)?

A

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a protocol that operates on the Data Link layer of the OSI Model. It is when a node verifies the absence of other traffic before transmitting on a shared transmission medium.

Network (8 decks)

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