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Networks and Switching > Network Layer > Flashcards

Network Layer Flashcards

1
Q

What layer of the OSI model does the Network Layer correspond to?

A

Layer 3.

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2
Q

What are the main responsibilities of the Network Layer?

A

Providing end-to-end connectivity, routing packets, addressing devices, encapsulation, and packet handling.

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3
Q

What is encapsulation in the context of the Network Layer?

A

Adding a layer 3 header to data from the transport layer, forming packets.

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4
Q

What is de-encapsulation?

A

Removing the layer 3 header at the receiving end to deliver transport PDUs to upper layers.

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5
Q

What is the primary role of the Network Layer in communication?

A

To enable data transfer across different interconnected networks.

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6
Q

What is a routing table?

A

A table that specifies the exit interface for packets based on their destination address.

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7
Q

What is the term for each layer 3 device a packet passes through on its way from source to destination?

A

Hop.

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8
Q

What is the difference between packet-based and connection-based layer 3 protocols?

A

Packet-based protocols make independent routing decisions for each packet, while connection-based protocols establish a fixed path before sending data.

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9
Q

What does ‘best effort delivery’ mean in the context of network protocols?

A

It means the protocol does not guarantee packet delivery or order and does not provide error recovery.

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10
Q

What is a key characteristic of IPv4 regarding delivery?

A

Connectionless and best effort delivery.

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11
Q

What does the Time to Live (TTL) field in an IPv4 header indicate?

A

The maximum number of hops a packet can take before being dropped.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the IP version field in the IPv4 header?

A

To identify the version of the IP protocol (e.g., IPv4 or IPv6).

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13
Q

What does the Service Type (Differentiated Services Code Point - DSCP) field in an IPv4 header specify?

A

It specifies the level of throughput priority a packet should have.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Identification field in the IPv4 header?

A

To identify fragments of the same packet for reassembly.

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15
Q

What do the Flags in the IPv4 header indicate?

A

They indicate fragmentation status and control fragmentation.

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16
Q

What is the Fragment Offset field used for in the IPv4 header?

A

To specify the position of a fragment within the original packet.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the Header Checksum in an IPv4 packet?

A

To validate the integrity of the header data.

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18
Q

What is the structure of an IPv4 address?

A

A 32-bit number divided into four octets, represented in decimal form.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of a subnet mask?

A

To define the network and host portions of an IPv4 address.

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20
Q

What is the difference between a network address and a broadcast address?

A

A network address identifies a network, while a broadcast address is used to send packets to all hosts in the network.

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21
Q

What are the three types of communication in an IPv4 network?

A

Unicast, broadcast, and multicast.

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22
Q

What is unicast transmission?

A

Sending a packet from one host to a single recipient host.

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23
Q

What is broadcast transmission?

A

Sending a packet from one host to all hosts in a network.

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24
Q

What is multicast transmission?

A

Sending a packet from one host to a selected group of hosts.

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25
Q

What are private IPv4 addresses?

A

Addresses that are not routable on the internet and used within private networks.

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26
Q

List the private IPv4 address ranges as defined by RFC 1918.

A

10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255.

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27
Q

What is the loopback address used for?

A

To send traffic to the same device (127.0.0.1).

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28
Q

What is a hierarchical addressing scheme in IPv4?

A

A method where the address is divided into network and host portions for easier routing.

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the Domain Name System (DNS)?

A

To translate domain names to IP addresses.

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30
Q

What is Network Address Translation (NAT)?

A

A method to map private IP addresses to a single public IP address for internet access.

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31
Q

What are the limitations of IPv4?

A

Limited address space, lack of end-to-end connectivity, and no built-in security features.

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32
Q

What does the IPv4 header’s Protocol field indicate?

A

The upper layer protocol encapsulated in the packet (e.g., TCP, UDP).

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33
Q

What are the special use IPv4 addresses?

A

Network address, broadcast address, loopback address, link-local address, TEST-NET addresses, experimental addresses.

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34
Q

What is the maximum size of an IPv4 packet?

A

65,535 bytes.

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35
Q

What is the purpose of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)?

A

To manage global IP address allocation and assignment.

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36
Q

What are the fields in the IPv4 header?

12

A

Version, IHL, DSCP, Total Length, Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset, TTL, Protocol, Header Checksum, Source IP, Destination IP.

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37
Q

What does the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) in IPv4 do?

A

Marks the packet with a type of service or priority level.

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38
Q

What is IPv4 fragmentation?

A

Breaking a packet into smaller fragments to fit the MTU of a link.

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39
Q

What is the purpose of the Time to Live (TTL) field in an IPv4 header?

A

To limit the lifespan of a packet, preventing it from circulating indefinitely.

40
Q

What is the function of the IPv4 Identification field during fragmentation?

A

To identify all fragments of the same original packet.

41
Q

What is the maximum number of hops a packet can take with a TTL?

A

255 hops.

42
Q

What are the advantages of using IPv4?

A

Widespread adoption, well understood, and simple addressing.

43
Q

What is the difference between public and private IPv4 addresses?

A

Public addresses are routable on the internet; private addresses are not.

44
Q

What is the significance of the IPv4 Header Checksum?

A

To ensure the header’s integrity during transmission.

45
Q

What is the impact of IPv4 address exhaustion?

A

The depletion of available IPv4 addresses due to the growing number of internet-connected devices.

46
Q

What is IPv6?

A

A new version of the IP protocol designed to replace IPv4, providing a larger address space and improved features.

47
Q

How does NAT help with IPv4 address exhaustion?

A

By allowing multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address.

48
Q

What is the primary function of the Network Layer?

A

To route packets between different networks.

49
Q

What are the primary issues with IPv4 that led to the development of IPv6?

A

IPv4 address exhaustion, increased number of devices, mobile users, and the Internet of Things.

50
Q

What is IPv6?

A

The next-generation Internet Protocol designed to replace IPv4, providing a much larger address space.

51
Q

How many bits are in an IPv6 address?

A

128 bits.

52
Q

How is an IPv6 address represented?

A

As a string of hexadecimal values separated by colons.

53
Q

Give an example of an IPv6 address.

A

2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0000:0000:0000:0200.

54
Q

What are the two main rules for simplifying IPv6 addresses?

A

Omitting leading zeros and compressing contiguous segments of zeros using double colons (::).

55
Q

What is the IPv6 address range reserved for link-local addresses?

A

FE80::/10.

56
Q

What is the prefix length notation used in IPv6?

A

Slash notation (e.g., /64).

57
Q

What are the types of IPv6 addresses?

A

Unicast, Multicast, and Anycast.

58
Q

Do IPv6 addresses support broadcast?

A

No, IPv6 does not have broadcast addresses.

59
Q

What is the unspecified IPv6 address?

A

::/128.

60
Q

What is the loopback IPv6 address?

A

::1/128.

61
Q

What is a global unicast address in IPv6?

A

An address that is globally unique and routable on the Internet.

62
Q

What is the format of a global unicast address?

A

Typically starts with 2000::/3.

63
Q

What is the purpose of a link-local address?

A

To communicate with other IPv6 devices on the same link.

64
Q

What is the unique local address range in IPv6?

A

FC00::/7.

65
Q

What is a multicast address in IPv6?

A

An address used to send a packet to multiple destinations.

66
Q

What is the prefix for IPv6 multicast addresses?

A

FF00::/8.

67
Q

What is a solicited-node multicast address?

A

A special multicast address used for Neighbor Discovery, derived from a device’s unicast or anycast address.

68
Q

What is the scope field in a multicast address?

A

It indicates the range over which the multicast is valid (e.g., link-local, site-local, organization-local, global).

69
Q

What is the purpose of IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)?

A

To allow a device to configure its own IPv6 address without a DHCP server.

70
Q

What are the components of an IPv6 global unicast address?

A

Global routing prefix, subnet ID, and interface ID.

71
Q

What is the typical prefix length for an IPv6 subnet?

A

/64.

72
Q

How does an IPv6 host generate its link-local address?

A

Automatically using the prefix FE80::/10 and its interface identifier.

73
Q

What is the IPv6 equivalent of IPv4’s private addresses?

A

Unique local addresses (FC00::/7).

74
Q

What is an embedded IPv4 address in IPv6?

A

An IPv6 address that includes an IPv4 address, used for transition from IPv4 to IPv6.

75
Q

What is the main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4?

A

A much larger address space, improved routing, and built-in security features.

76
Q

What is the structure of an IPv6 address?

A

128 bits divided into eight 16-bit segments, each represented by four hexadecimal digits.

77
Q

What is the IPv6 address space?

A

2^128 addresses.

78
Q

What is the significance of the IPv6 header’s simplification compared to IPv4?

A

Improved routing efficiency and performance.

79
Q

What does the flow label field in an IPv6 header do?

A

It is used to identify traffic flows for quality of service handling.

80
Q

What is an anycast address in IPv6?

A

An address assigned to multiple interfaces, where packets are delivered to the nearest one.

81
Q

What is the IPv6 transition technique that allows both IPv4 and IPv6 to coexist?

A

Dual stack, where devices run both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols.

82
Q

What is the function of the IPv6 next header field?

A

It indicates the type of the next header following the IPv6 header, similar to the protocol field in IPv4.

83
Q

What does the IPv6 hop limit field do?

A

It limits the number of hops a packet can take before being discarded, similar to the TTL field in IPv4.

84
Q

What is the IPv6 address notation for a network with all zeros in the interface ID?

A

Using double colons (::) to compress the zeros.

85
Q

What are the benefits of IPv6 over IPv4 in terms of mobility and security?

A

IPv6 has native support for mobile IP and built-in IPsec for security.

86
Q

What is the hexadecimal representation for the first 16 bits of a link-local address?

A

FE80.

87
Q

What are the steps for expanding a compressed IPv6 address?

A

Replace double colons with the appropriate number of zeros and add leading zeros to each segment.

88
Q

How is an IPv6 address assigned dynamically?

A

Through DHCPv6 or Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC).

89
Q

What is the global routing prefix in an IPv6 address?

A

The part of the address assigned by an ISP to identify a specific organization.

90
Q

What is the role of the interface ID in an IPv6 address?

A

To uniquely identify an interface on a subnet.

91
Q

What is the typical size of an interface ID in IPv6?

A

64 bits.

92
Q

What is the range of addresses for multicast in IPv6?

A

FF00::/8.

93
Q

What does the term ‘aggregation’ mean in IPv6 addressing?

A

Combining multiple prefixes into a single, larger prefix to simplify routing.

94
Q

What is the IPv6 address space reserved for documentation and examples?

A

2001:DB8::/32.

95
Q

What is the difference between stateful and stateless address autoconfiguration in IPv6?

A

Stateful uses DHCPv6 to assign addresses, while stateless uses SLAAC and router advertisements.

96
Q

What is the IPv6 anycast address used for?

A

Routing packets to the nearest or most optimal destination out of multiple potential recipients.

97
Q

What is the purpose of the IPv6 traffic class field?

A

To specify the packet’s priority and handling requirements.

Networks and Switching (8 decks)

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