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Networks and Switching > Generic Networking > Flashcards

Generic Networking Flashcards

1
Q

What is a network protocol?

A

Defines how communications take place between two devices, including message formatting and rules of communication.

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2
Q

What are the key components of a network protocol?

A

Message formatting, addressing, speed and timing of delivery, message size, and confirmation of acknowledgment.

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3
Q

What is the TCP/IP layered architecture model?

A

A model that defines the functions and tasks performed by devices in a network, breaking down the communication process into four layers: Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Access.

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4
Q

What is data encapsulation?

A

The process of adding headers and trailers to data as it passes through the layers of the network stack.

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5
Q

What are the benefits of using a layered model?

A

Assists in protocol design, fosters competition, changes in one layer do not affect other layers, common standard language, and allows protocols and technologies to evolve.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the Physical Layer?

A

To transmit and receive data as binary bits over media between devices.

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the Physical Layer?

A

Encoding data into signals, transmitting and receiving signals, and converting signals back into bits.

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8
Q

What is a MAC address?

A

A unique 48-bit address assigned to a network interface card (NIC) by the manufacturer, used for communication within an Ethernet network.

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9
Q

What is an IP address?

A

A logical 32-bit address assigned to a device by a network administrator, used for communication across IP networks.

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10
Q

Why are both MAC and IP addresses required?

A

MAC addresses are used for communication within the same network, while IP addresses are used for communication across different networks.

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11
Q

What is ARP?

A

Address Resolution Protocol, used to map an IP address to a MAC address.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of ARP?

A

To resolve the MAC address of a device when only its IP address is known.

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13
Q

What happens during an ARP request?

A

A broadcast message is sent on the local network asking for the MAC address associated with a specific IP address.

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14
Q

What happens during an ARP reply?

A

The device with the requested IP address responds with its MAC address.

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15
Q

What is the ARP cache?

A

A table stored in memory that contains mappings of IP addresses to MAC addresses.

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16
Q

What is the significance of the ARP cache?

A

Reduces the need for repeated ARP requests by storing previously resolved MAC addresses.

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17
Q

What is the difference between bandwidth and throughput?

A

Bandwidth is the capacity of a medium to carry data, while throughput is the actual rate of data transmission over a given period of time.

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18
Q

What is goodput?

A

The transmission rate of usable data, excluding protocol overhead.

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19
Q

What are Protocol Data Units (PDUs)?

A

The units of data at different layers of the network stack: Data (Application layer), Segment (Transport layer), Packet (Internet layer), Frame (Data Link layer), Bits (Physical layer).

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20
Q

What is the OSI model?

A

Open Systems Interconnection model, a reference model that describes the functions of the communication process in a computer network, broken down into seven layers.

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21
Q

What is the main function of the Data Link Layer?

A

To provide error detection and correction and to control how data is placed on and received from the media.

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22
Q

What is the role of the Network Layer in the OSI model?

A

To provide logical addressing and routing services.

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23
Q

What is the role of the Transport Layer in the OSI model?

A

To provide reliable data transfer, flow control, and error recovery.

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24
Q

What is the main function of the Application Layer in the OSI model?

A

To provide network services directly to applications.

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25
Q

What is the function of the Presentation Layer in the OSI model?

A

To handle data format translation, encryption, and compression.

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26
Q

What is the function of the Session Layer in the OSI model?

A

To establish, manage, and terminate sessions between applications.

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27
Q

What are the main differences between the OSI model and the TCP/IP model?

A

The OSI model has seven layers, while the TCP/IP model has four layers. The OSI model is a theoretical framework, while the TCP/IP model is based on practical protocols used on the internet.

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28
Q

What is the main function of the Network Access Layer in the TCP/IP model?

A

To control the hardware devices and media that make up the network.

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29
Q

What is the main function of the Internet Layer in the TCP/IP model?

A

To move packets from the source to the destination across multiple networks.

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30
Q

What is the main function of the Transport Layer in the TCP/IP model?

A

To provide communication services directly to the application processes running on different hosts.

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31
Q

What is the main function of the Application Layer in the TCP/IP model?

A

To provide network services to the end-user applications.

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32
Q

What is the significance of the TCP/IP model being an open standard?

A

It allows any vendor to implement the functions defined by the model, fostering compatibility and competition.

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33
Q

What is the importance of using a standard protocol language in networking?

A

Ensures compatibility between devices from different vendors and facilitates communication within and across networks.

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34
Q

What is the purpose of encapsulation in network communications?

A

To include protocol-specific information needed for proper handling and delivery of data at each layer.

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35
Q

What is the Manchester encoding method?

A

A method where a change from low to high voltage represents a binary 1 and a change from high to low represents a binary 0.

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36
Q

What is a MAC address broadcast?

A

A message sent to all devices on a local network requesting the MAC address associated with a specific IP address.

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37
Q

What happens when a device receives an ARP request?

A

If the device has the requested IP address, it responds with its MAC address; otherwise, it ignores the request.

38
Q

What is the aging timeout in the ARP cache?

A

The duration after which an ARP entry is removed if not refreshed, to ensure the cache stays current.

39
Q

What is the difference between local and remote communication in ARP?

A

Local communication occurs within the same network, using ARP to resolve MAC addresses. Remote communication involves routers and requires resolving the MAC address of the next-hop router.

40
Q

What is the significance of the ARP process in network communication?

A

It enables devices to dynamically discover the MAC addresses of other devices on the same network, facilitating communication.

41
Q

How does ARP handle a device with a known IP address but unknown MAC address?

A

The device sends an ARP request to all devices on the network to find the corresponding MAC address.

42
Q

What is the role of a router in the ARP process for remote communication?

A

The router acts as a gateway, forwarding packets between different networks and resolving MAC addresses of devices on those networks.

43
Q

What is the ARP cache table?

A

A table that stores IP-to-MAC address mappings to avoid repeated ARP requests for the same addresses.

44
Q

What are the limitations of ARP?

A

ARP only works within the same broadcast domain, and excessive ARP traffic can cause network congestion.

45
Q

How can ARP security issues be mitigated?

A

Using static ARP entries, enabling Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI), and employing network security measures like firewalls and intrusion detection systems.

46
Q

What is the primary function of a router?

A

To route traffic between different networks.

47
Q

Why are gateways necessary?

A

Gateways are required whenever inter-network routing is needed.

48
Q

What is a default gateway?

A

A router that hosts use to communicate with devices outside their local network.

49
Q

What is the purpose of a routing table?

A

To store routes that indicate the best paths to various network destinations.

50
Q

What information does a host routing table typically contain?

A

Direct connection, local network route, and local default route.

51
Q

What is the role of dynamic routing protocols?

A

To enable routers to exchange routing information and build their routing tables dynamically.

52
Q

How does a host determine if a destination is local or remote?

A

By comparing the destination IP address with its own IP address and subnet mask.

53
Q

What happens if a host’s ARP table is empty when it needs to send a packet?

A

The host sends an ARP request to find the MAC address of the destination or the default gateway.

54
Q

What is a broadcast domain?

A

A network segment where a broadcast frame sent by any device is received by all other devices.

55
Q

Why can’t hosts on different VLANs communicate without a router?

A

Layer 2 switches cannot forward traffic between VLANs without a router’s assistance.

56
Q

What is Inter-VLAN routing?

A

The process of forwarding traffic between VLANs using a router.

57
Q

What is the ‘router-on-a-stick’ method?

A

A method where a single physical interface on a router is divided into multiple logical sub-interfaces, each serving a different VLAN.

58
Q

What are router sub-interfaces?

A

Logical interfaces created on a router’s physical interface to handle traffic for multiple VLANs.

59
Q

What is Layer 3 switching?

A

The process of using a switch to perform routing functions by handling Layer 3 traffic.

60
Q

What is the benefit of using a router-on-a-stick?

A

It allows multiple VLANs to be routed through a single physical interface, saving physical ports.

61
Q

What are the disadvantages of traditional Inter-VLAN routing using multiple interfaces?

A

It requires a separate physical interface for each VLAN, which is not scalable and can be costly.

62
Q

What is encapsulation in the context of networking?

A

The process of adding protocol-specific headers and trailers to data as it moves down the communication stack.

63
Q

What is 802.1Q tagging?

A

A VLAN tagging protocol that inserts a VLAN ID into the Ethernet frame header.

64
Q

What is a directly connected route?

A

A route that is associated with a network directly connected to one of the router’s interfaces.

65
Q

What does the term ‘next hop’ refer to in routing?

A

The next router to which a packet should be forwarded along the path to its destination.

66
Q

What is a ‘hop’ in networking?

A

A hop refers to each time a packet is forwarded from one router to another along its path to the destination.

67
Q

What does the term ‘broadcast’ mean in networking?

A

A type of communication where a message is sent from one device to all devices in the network.

68
Q

What is a VLAN?

A

A Virtual Local Area Network, which logically segments a network into different broadcast domains.

69
Q

What is a trunk link?

A

A network link configured to carry traffic for multiple VLANs between switches or between a switch and a router.

70
Q

What is the difference between a switchport and a router interface in terms of VLANs?

A

Switchports can be configured to belong to specific VLANs, while router interfaces (or sub-interfaces) can route traffic between VLANs.

71
Q

What is the main advantage of Layer 3 switching over traditional routing?

A

Higher performance and reduced latency because routing decisions are made in hardware rather than software.

72
Q

What is the significance of the default gateway in a host’s network configuration?

A

It allows the host to communicate with devices outside its local network.

73
Q

How does a router determine the best path to a destination network?

A

By consulting its routing table and selecting the route with the lowest metric.

74
Q

What are the key differences between static and dynamic routing?

A

Static routing uses manually configured routes, while dynamic routing uses protocols to automatically update routes.

75
Q

What is the purpose of a VLAN ID in a tagged Ethernet frame?

A

To identify the VLAN to which the frame belongs.

76
Q

What is the difference between inter-VLAN and intra-VLAN communication?

A

Inter-VLAN communication involves traffic between different VLANs, while intra-VLAN communication involves traffic within the same VLAN.

77
Q

What is a point-to-point serial link?

A

A direct communication link between two networking devices that uses serial communication.

78
Q

What is a switch virtual interface (SVI)?

A

A logical interface on a Layer 3 switch used to route traffic between VLANs.

79
Q

What is the significance of the subnet mask in IP addressing?

A

It determines the network and host portions of an IP address, defining the network’s size.

80
Q

How do switches handle broadcast frames in a VLAN environment?

A

Broadcast frames are forwarded to all ports within the same VLAN but not to other VLANs.

81
Q

What is the difference between an access port and a trunk port on a switch?

A

An access port carries traffic for a single VLAN, while a trunk port carries traffic for multiple VLANs.

82
Q

What is the primary purpose of using VLANs in a network?

A

To improve network performance and security by segmenting the network into smaller broadcast domains.

83
Q

What is the purpose of configuring a management VLAN on a switch?

A

To provide a secure and isolated VLAN for managing network devices.

84
Q

How does a router use the metric to choose between multiple routes to the same destination?

A

It selects the route with the lowest metric value, indicating the most efficient path.

85
Q

What is a ‘local route’ in a routing table?

A

A route that represents the IP address assigned to the router’s own interfaces.

86
Q

What is a ‘default route’ in a routing table?

A

A catch-all route that matches any destination not explicitly listed in the routing table.

87
Q

What is the purpose of the command ‘show ip route’ on a router?

A

To display the router’s current routing table and its routes.

88
Q

How does the encapsulation and decapsulation process work in routing?

A

Encapsulation adds headers and trailers to data as it is sent, and decapsulation removes them as data is received.

89
Q

What is the role of a router in handling ARP requests?

A

To respond with its own MAC address when it is the default gateway for the requested IP address.

90
Q

What are the typical entries found in a router’s routing table?

A

Directly connected routes, static routes, and dynamically learned routes.

91
Q

What is the purpose of a loopback interface on a router?

A

To provide a stable, always-up interface for management and diagnostic purposes.

Networks and Switching (8 decks)

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