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Network+ Flashcards

1
Q

N10 stats

A

90 minutes, Max of 90 questions, likely to be updated March 2025 (TAKE BEFORE MARCH 2025)

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2
Q

Domains:

A

DOMAINS:
Networking fundamentals (24%)
Network Implementation (19%)
Network Operations (16%)
Network Security (19%)
Network Troubleshooting (22%)

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3
Q

Resources

A

Download free Comptia exam objectives (already done??)
Find book recommendations at profesor messer
Check out prof messer discord
Check out Netplus resources on messer site

GNS3 PACKET TRACER to practice

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4
Q

OSI MODEL

A

(open systems interconnection reference model)

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5
Q

What is the OSI model based off?

A

The OSI model is based off the OSI protocol suite

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6
Q

How many OSI layers are there?

A

There are 7 layers and each layer has specific protocols

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7
Q

OSI mnemonic device

A

All People Seem To Need Data Processing
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical

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8
Q
  1. PHYSICAL
A

Signaling, cabling, connectors, etc.
Punchdown blocks, cabling, loop back plugs, adapter cards

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9
Q
  1. DATA LINK
A

Basic network language
Foundational protocol later
Aka DLC (data link control) layer
AKA the switching layer
media access control address (mac address) are called layer 2 addresses
Extended Unique Identifier (EUIs)
ANY COMMUNICATION THAT USES MAC addresses ARE LAYER 2 COMMUNICATIONS

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10
Q
  1. NETWORK LAYER
A

Routing layer based on IP addresses
This is where frames are fragmented to work on different networks (Ethernet, WAN, etc.)

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11
Q
  1. TRANSPORT
A

post office layer
Describe his and where data is being delivered
Tcp and udp
This layer is used if you’re accessing a webpage but the data is too large for a frame

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12
Q
  1. SESSION
A

starts and stops communication between 2 endpoints
Control protocols and tunneling protocols
Encryption
Links layers 6 and 7 to the rest

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13
Q
  1. PRESENTATION
A

Character encoding
Making things legible on your screen
Works closely with application layer

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14
Q
  1. APPLICATION
A

The layer we see
Browser session
Ftp
Dns name resolution
Http/s

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15
Q

Misc.

A

Wireshark??? (Packet Capture App?)

???WHY DO WE NEED MAC AND IP addresses???
???PORTS VS. SWITCHES???

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16
Q

PDUs

A

Protocol Data Units (PDUs)-
A different group of data at different OSI layers???

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17
Q

Ethernet, IP, and TCP PDUs

A

Ethernet operates on a FRAME of data, and doesn’t care what’s inside a frame
IP operates on a PACKET of data, and doesn’t care what’s inside a packet
TCP and UDP are broken up into TCP segments and UDP datagrams

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18
Q

How to send application data

A

To be able to send application data (layers 5,6,and 7), you have to apply a tcp header for the transport layer
Then, you’ll need a IP header in front of TCP header and Application data

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19
Q

How to send application data via Ethernet

A

Then for ethernet, you’ll need a DLC (data link ctrl)/layer 2 frame header and trailer (+ tcp and ip)

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20
Q

Osi layers abridged

A

Layer 5-7 App data: Https, IMAP, SSH, etc.
LAyer 4 TCP, UDP
Layer 3 IP
Layer 2 MAC

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21
Q

TCP Flags:

A

Ctrl Flags; Bits of information inside a TCP header that tells how to properly process data

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22
Q

COMMON TCP FLAGS:

A

SYN - synchronize sequence numbers
PSH - Pushes data to app (no buffering)
RST - Reset the communication
FIN - Last Packet from sender

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23
Q

MTU

A

MTU (maximum transmission unit)
the maximum IP packet to transmit without fragmenting. It can be difficult to figure out. automated processes can set MTU unless ICMP is filtered

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24
Q

Why is fragmentation avoided?

A

It slows down traffic

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25
Q

What’s the maximum size of an IP packet on ethernet?

A

1500 bytes

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26
Q

IP fragmentation

A

IP fragmentation breaks up everything UNDER the IP header, Including data AND TCP header

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27
Q

TROUBLESHOOTING MTU:

A

MTU is usually only configured once. Tunneled traffic may have a smaller MTU than Ethernet traffic

28
Q

What happens if you send a DF (don’t fragment) set with data that’s too large?

A

It will get lost along the way and ICMP will likely msg you to fragment

29
Q

Troubleshooting using ping:

A

ping with a DF bit and force a maximum size
default is 1472 (1500 max - ICMP header (ping) 8 - IP address 20 = 1472)

30
Q

How do you ping in widows and linux?

A

WIndows: -f -l 1472 8.8.8.8 (-f=DF, -l=length)
Linux: ping -D -s 1472 8.8.8.8

31
Q

Troubleshooting using ping:

A

If your vpn is bottleneck traffic, set the length lower and lower until you get a successful ping.

32
Q

STAR TOPOLOGY

A

hub and spoke topology, very common
e.g switched ethernet network has the switch in the middle of the star
DEVICES DON’T CONNECT TO EACH OTHER

33
Q

RING TOPOLOGY

A

Used more in MANs and WANs (why???)
built in fault tolerance (loops back in case of severed ring)

34
Q

BUS TOPOLOGY

A

Early LAN topology.
Everything comes off a single cable
easily disrupted by a single disconnect
CAN bus connections (controller area network busses in cars)

35
Q

MESH TOPOLOGY

A

Multiple links to the same place (fully meshed vs. partially meshed???)
Redundancy, Fault Tolerance, Load Balancing
WANs

36
Q

HYBRID TOPOLOGY

A

e.g 3 remote sites connected via star network, connected to each other via WAN ring topology.

37
Q

Different network topology applications

A

Wireless access points use infrastructure connections.
Ad Hoc networking can connect wirelessly between 2 devices.
IoT devices use Mesh networks where everything can talk to everything. (self healing)

38
Q

Peer to Peer networks:

A

All devices are both clients and servers (everyone talks to everyone)
Advantages: Easy to deploy and low cost
Disadvantages: Very difficult to administer, difficult to secure.

39
Q

Client-Server:

A

Clients use centralized server,
No client to client communication.
Pros: very good performance, Easy administration
Cons: Cost, Complexity (centralized server needs to be maintained)

40
Q

LAN:

A

office and home networks.
802.11 ethernet (anything slower isn’t true LAN)

41
Q

MAN:

A

Network in your city,
Larger than a LAN, smaller than a WAN
AKA metro ethernet
Governments often use MAN bcuz they have right of way, and they are dispersed.

42
Q

WAN:

A

Spans the Globe
Larger networks don’t move as fast as LAN
WAN examples include: Point-to-Point serial, MPLS, etc.
terrestrial and satellite

43
Q

WLAN:

A

WIreless local area network (802.11 networks)
limited geographical area.

44
Q

PAN:

A

Personal Area Network
Bluetooth, Automobile, phone, etc.

45
Q

CAN:

A

Campus Area Network/Corporate Area Network
Limited Geographical Network
LAN technologies: fiber or high speed ethernet
Your fiber is in the ground so there’s no 3rd party/monthly fee

46
Q

NAS

A

Network Attached Storage Device
Contains multiple drives and allows file level access.
You have to rewrite entire files in order to change them.

47
Q

Storage Area Network:

A

Looks a lot like a local storage device, and allows block level access to modify chunks. (very efficient at reading and writing) Requires a lot of bandwidth, may use an isolated network and high speed network tech.

48
Q

MPLS

A

multi protocol label switching
Learning from ATM and frame relay (kept the advantages, dumped the disadvantages.)
Packet through the WAN have a label to help routing decisions.
Any transport medium or protocol can be inside.

49
Q

MPLS PUSHING AND POPPING

A

Labels are pushed onto packets as they enter the MPLS cloud.
Labels are popped off on the way out

50
Q

mGRE:

A

multipoint generic router encapsulation
Used extensively for Dynamic Multipoint VPN
Common on Cisco routers.
They’re only created when needed, then torn down after.
Tunnels are dynamic and on demand; a dynamic mesh.
2 sites can recognize that they want to connect and create a link without a centralized server.
More efficient

51
Q

SD-WAN

A

Software Defined WAN
A WAN built for the cloud.
Data center used to be in one place, now it’s in the cloud.
WAN can recognize that we need to connect directly to cloud based resources without connecting to a central point.

52
Q

How cloud software defined networking changes resources in the cloud

A

WEB services, Email, and databases were all in a centralized place.
Now all of these services are in the cloud.
The type of data will determine where it’s sent, hence Software Defined.

53
Q

Demarcation Point:

A

Point where you connect with the outside world.it can be as simple as a RJ 45 conection.
The demarc helps troubleshoot. If problems are on your side or the ISP side.

54
Q

CPE:

A

Customer Premise Equipment (Customer Prem)

55
Q

Smartjack

A

Network Interface Unit (NIU)
Device that determines the demarc, provides diagnostics to ISP to remotely figure out where the problems are.

56
Q

!!!VIRTUAL NETWORKS!!!

A

Server farms can have 100 individual networks.
All servers are connected with enterprise devices with switches and routers
THese can be reduced to just one physical device.

57
Q

Network Function Virtualization:

A

Take all devices and infrastructure is moved to the hypervisor.
routing, switching, firewalls, load balancers, etc.
QUickly and easily deploy network function.
Many different deployment options, just a few clicks.

58
Q

Hypervisor:

A

Virtual Machine Manager (VMM)
Hardware management from single console control.
Often considered like a single pane of glass (one mgt device allows you to see everything)

59
Q

V switch

A

Switch the physical network to the virtual world.
You can still forward, link aggregation??? port mirror, netflow, etc.
Deploy and use automatically from the hypervisor.

60
Q

Virtual Network Interface Card

A

Every virtual device needs one, assigned through the hypervisor.

61
Q

SATELLITE NETWORKING:

A

High cost, 50 mbit/s downloading, 3 mbit/s upload speeds are common.
High latency (250 ms, starlink promises 20-40ms)
Can be absorbed by rain showers.

62
Q

COPPER:

A

Easy to install/maintain
Typically Lower speed WAN.
Cable and DSL use Copper twisted pair or coax.
Often combined with fiber optics

63
Q

DSL

A

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines
(different upload and download speeds)
10,000 ft limitation between you and central office is common.
200 mbit/s download,20mbit/s upload are common.
Faster speeds are common closer to the CO (central office)

64
Q

Cable Broadband:

A

Transmission across multiple frequencies,
different traffic types across one line.
DOCSIS (data over coble service interface spec.)
50/mbit - 1gbit/s available

65
Q

Fiber:

A

High Speed data connection
More expensive, requires specialized equipment and personnel
SONET rings, Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
FIber is coming to home and offices as well

66
Q

Metro Ethernet

A

A contained regional ethernet that’s compatible with office ethernet.
ISP side can be

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