Comptia 1101 Flashcards

Question

2G

Answer 1

2G consists of GSM (global system for mobile communication) and CDMA (Code Division for Multiple Access) It has voice communication but little data transfer. GSM included 90% of worldwide market, At&t etc. CDMA allowed different people on the same network by assigning codes (Verizon and Sprint)

Answer 2

Subscribe Identification Module allows one customer to use different devices

Answer 3

3G allowed for more data, more speed, better functionality, GPS, streaming, and video on demand

Answer 4

LTE (long term evolution), based on GSM and edge? LTE advanced, or LTEA doubled the throughput

Answer 5

Will go up to 10 gbps, its best for IoT devices, faster data, more cloud space, Will have slower speeds of 100-900 mbps???

Answer 6

GPS comes from at least 30 satellites, and has to connect to at least 4 satellites

Answer 7

Mobile Device Management allows to partition a phone for work and personal use

Answer 8

IP header & IP payload TCP header and TCP payload HTTP payload

Answer 9

Using many different applications to talk to many different servers at the same time

Answer 10

Transmission Control Protocol is a connection based protocol, it sets up and breaks down payload and utilizes reliable delivery (verification of received data), and can request slower or faster data speed

Answer 11

Unreliable delivery, no confirmation of received data, no flow control, think Voip, FaceTime, etc.

Answer 12

Active mode TCP21 Control TCP20

Answer 13

Telecommunications offers unecrypted remote access TCP 23

Answer 14

Simple mail transfer protocol TCP25

Answer 15

Domain name service UDP 53, assigned ip address

Answer 16

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol udp 67 and 68 Automatically configure and reserve ip address, subnet mask, and more everything is assigned in real time and renew at set intervals

Answer 17

Post office protocol 3 TCP 110 Used for basic mail transfer

Answer 18

TCP143 Internet Message Access Protocol 4 allows different devices

Answer 19

Server Message Block Used by windows for file sharing/printer sharing AKA CIFS (Common Internet File System)

Answer 20

Network Basic Input Output System (Older) UDP137 (nbname) UDP139 (nbsession)

Answer 21

Simple Network Management Protocol Gathers network statistics UDP161 for queries UDP162 for traps V1 was just structured tables V2 was bulk transfers V3 was encrypted

Answer 22

Fast network directory, e.g Microsoft access directory

Answer 23

Remote Desktop Protocol TCP3389 May vary on windows versions Can control an entire system or a single computer

Answer 24

Layer 3 devices that forward data based off IP ADDRESS, SoHo routers are also access points

Answer 25

Switches are layer 3? Devices that send data based on destination Mac Address, switches can move faster because they have Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), switches have PoE

Answer 26

Managed switches have vlans (subnets), SNMP, you can prioritize traffic, and have redundancy protection through Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and port mirroring

Answer 27

Area bridge from the wired network to the wireless network, is not the same thing as a router. It makes forwarding decisions based on the MAC address

Answer 28

From the desk to patch panel is typically permanent. On the other side of the panel, RJ45s extend to the switch that goes all the way to the main network

Answer 29

Can be endspan or midspan and 802.11 come with PoE capabilities, switches will identify what Can and can't support PoE(blue line on top) and UPLINKS DON'T REQUIRE POE

Answer 30

the original PoE Ethernet standard 15.4 watts DC, 350 mA max current

Answer 31

25.5 watts DC, 600 mA max current

Answer 32

Type 3: 51 W, 600 mA max current Type 4: 71.3 W, 960 mA max current (10gbps speeds)

Answer 33

Multi port repeater, not smart, can't run full duplex, only sold at 10 mb or 100 mb, not common today

Answer 34

Broadband allows multiple frequencies of traffic, like video, voice, and internet. Data is transmitted via DOCSIS, data speeds top out at 1 gbps

Answer 35

Asymmetrical digital subscriber line (downloads faster than upload) There's a10,000 ft distance limitation 52mbps download, 16 mbps upload (Faster if closer to the source)

Answer 36

Optical Network Terminals take fiber optic abs translate it to copper signals

Answer 37

Where your stuff ends and the providers stuff begins

Answer 38

Copper (ethernet) connections use NICs, are built into consumer products, and they are specific to the network type. They can be built into the motherboard, or added as an expansion card. Single port, multiport, copper, abs fiber options are available

Answer 39

Infrastructure/data Layer??? Control Layer??? Application/mgmt layer???

Answer 40

forwards, trunks, encrypts, NAT

Answer 41

for references, routing protocol NAT table

Answer 42

configures and manages the device, (SSH, Browser, API, etc.)

Answer 43

Made in 1999, exclusively 5Ghz, but Can other frequencies with special licensing. 54 mbps. Smaller range than 802.11b, best for warehouse etc. (absorption issues)

Answer 44

Made in 1999, runs at 2.4 Ghz, 11mbps, but less absorption problems. Better for office use.

Answer 45

June 2003, 54mbps at 2.4ghz, backwards compatible with 11b, still has frequency issues

Answer 46

2009 (wifi4) both 5 and 2.4 ghz 40 mhz Channel widths, greater bandwidth for bigger data transfers, 600mbps, MIMO (multi input, multi output)

Answer 47

January 2014 (wifi5) only at 5 Ghz, up to 160 mhz bandwith, signaling modulation (increases bandwith), 8 MU-MIMO (multi user mimo), double streams at nearly 7gbps If an access point uses 2.4, the 867 mbps for 8 streams, or 6.9 gbps (802.11n) 8 downloadable streams

Answer 48

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access works similar to cellular networks to improve in high density areas

Answer 49

February2021 (wifi6)5 and/or 2.4 ghz 20,40,80,or160 mhz bandwidths, 1.1201 mbps per channel, 9.6 gbps total (resolves overcrowding) Download and upload streams simultaneously

Answer 50

IEEE LAN/MAN standards committee (IEEE 802)

Answer 51

40-50 feet

Answer 52

Radio Frequency Identification, commonly used in id badges, pet tracking, inventory/assembly, etc., also includes NFC and pairing Bluetooth there's not usually a battery

Answer 53

A group of frequencies

Answer 54

ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) Distance is usually 10 meters, although some industrial standards hit 100 meters

Answer 55

Converts domain names to ip addresses and Vice versa, there are multiple for redundancy

Answer 56

Provides IP addresses to devices. In an enterprise there will be redundancy

Answer 57

Centralized storage device which uses SMB (windows) or AFP (Apple File Protocol)

Answer 58

Allows any computer to access any printer/scanner, sometimes the software for print sharing is on the computer

Answer 59

Requires 100% up time and availability. There are cloud based options with dedicated support

Answer 60

Each server makes logs, syslog is a centralized database of server logs which requires a lot of storage. SIEM???

Answer 61

Uses http(s) protocols to transfer html files. Web pages are stored on the server and Can be built dynamically??? Or static

Answer 62

Stores all passwords, must be readily available and redundant

Answer 63

Unified Threat Management: Detects malware and spam as a router. Can provide intrusion detection, you can prioritize traffic, and use it as a VPN

Answer 64

Checks in with all servers in case one goes down. Can change the way protocols work, Can encrypt and decrypt, Can cache for a faster response, content switching

Answer 65

Putting certain applications on certain servers

Answer 66

Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition system is a kind of Industrial Control System which provides real time info and system controls for multi site industrial applications. Requires permissions and segmentation (Downtime is COSTLY)

Answer 67

A purpose built device that only allows certain access, mfr provides support

Answer 68

May require segmentation to limit security breaches. (SEGMENTATION AS SECURITY???)

Answer 69

Ipv4 is 4 bytes (32 bits/4 octets) each separated by a period 255 is the max number of numbers that fit in a byte

Answer 70

4 octets separated by colons, first 64 bits is the network prefix and last 64 bits is the host address. DNS is important because addresses are more complicated

Answer 71

The subnet mask is not transmitted, it masks everything but the host address.

Answer 72

Subnet mask, ??????

Answer 73

Default gateway is a router that allows you to communicate outside of your subnet mask. The default gateway IP must be on your subnet mask.

Answer 74

Inside the OS under IP settings, setup 2 servers for redundancy

Answer 75

BOOTP was used until 1993. It required ip addresses to be manually configured and couldn't recognize when ip addresses were free again.

Answer 76

Made in 1997, automatically assigned IP, subnet mask, default gateway, etc.

Answer 77

DORA: Discover Offer Request Acknowledge

Answer 78

DHCP broadcasts

Answer 79

DHCP Broadcasts and responses

Answer 80

DHCP reservations, Alternatively, you could disable DHCP and configure manually, but you gotta reconfigure whenever the network changes.

Answer 81

Automatic Private IP Addressing There's no forwarding by routers, so you can't communicate outside your subnet mask APIPA range: 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254

Answer 82

The device itself

Answer 83

Address Resolution Protocol

Answer 84

.comi .net

Answer 85

Looks up IP associated with a given website

Answer 86

Over 30 (ip, domain, certificates, etc.), and they're very important.

Answer 87

Plain text html, but some DNS server provide web based front ends

Answer 88

mail exchanger record, list of ip addresses, fully qualified domain names, canonical (alias) names

Answer 89

a record, or quad a record: defines the host ip address. Quad a record has ipv6 and fully qualified domain name.

Answer 90

how long the device will remember the address record without asking the server again.

Answer 91

these are names only, if you want the ip for the mail server, pull up the a record

Answer 92

The TXT record might verify the origination, or give configuration details???

Answer 93

mail servers query the dns server, retrieve the SPF record and determine if its authentic

Answer 94

Domain keys identified mail, a digital signature to verify mail, the public key is the DKIM in the DNS server.

Answer 95

domain-based authentication, reporting, and conformance- You can specify to the mail server whether to keep, throw away, or send to spam if the message isn’t validated. The mail server remembers how many messages were received and you can use DMARC to figure out how much mail got through based on the configuration???

Answer 96

IP address range(and excludes ip addresses), subnet mask, lease duration

Answer 97

DNS server settings, default gateway, VOIP servers (specify the gateway so that all the voip devices know who to contact)

Answer 98

grouping of IP addresses, e.g 192.168.1.0/24 Typically DHCP pools are contiguous, sometimes there are excluded addresses

Answer 99

assigns IP based on what’s available, keeps track of expired leases

Answer 100

remembers who connected prior and give the same ip address if possible

Answer 101

aka static DHCP assignment, aka ip reservation, save a spot based on MAC address,

Answer 102

T1 timer checks in halfway through the DHCP and resets to full lease time. If the DHCP is unavailable, then the lease continues to countdown.

Answer 103

T2 goes off at 7/8ths and checks in to DHCP

Answer 104

Local area networks are a group of devices on the same broadcast domain

Answer 105

For efficiency, multiple switches are not best practice. 1 Switch manages 2 broadcast domains from a VLAN.

Answer 106

software and hardware combo that allows you to encrypt data that’s traversing a public network

Answer 107

the encrypt/decrypt mechanism can be configured into a firewall or a standalone device

Answer 108

VPNs go from laptop, through internet, to concentrator, then to corporate network, then back again

Answer 109

Satellite/non terrestrial is expensive 50mb/s going down, 3 mb/s going up is common

Answer 110

Latency can be up to 250 ms, very slow Starlink gives 40 ms, working on 20 ms They operate over higher frequencies like 2GHz and operate over line of sight, rain can hurt the signal

Answer 111

Very fast, can communicate over long distances, but it’s very expensive Fiber optics is the WAN core, but it’s expanding to the home/office as well

Answer 112

Broadband allows multiple connections bydifferent frequencies on the same line

Answer 113

data over cable service internet spec, 50mbps - 1k+mbps are common

Answer 114

Use the existing telephone lines to provide internet 10,000 foot limit with DSL

Answer 115

Terrestrial internet access points in a general area Usually in rural areas Uses meshed 802.11, 5g, or proprietary wireless connection You’ll need an outdoor antenna Can operate at speeds of 1k mbps

Answer 116

a building or a group of buildings, LANs use 802.11 and Ethernet. If it’s any slower, it isn’t a true LAN

Answer 117

span the globe, they generally connect LANs across great distances. Great distances mean slower speeds

Answer 118

No, WAN technologies are different than LAN (point to point serial???, MPLS???, etc) WAN includes satellite

Answer 119

Bluetooth, NFC etc.

Answer 120

City wide network, not a LAN or MAN Today, Metro Ethernet is popular (you get Ethernet on both sides and then an ISP connects them Governments use them primarily because they have the right of way to put conduit in the ground

Answer 121

A high speed network that allows to connect to a very large storage facility, Provides block level access which makes it more efficient to read and write Requires high bandwidths to retrieve and send Often isolated on its own high speed network

Answer 122

Doesn’t reach very far Can be extended with more access points

Answer 123

Pinch the cable on the wire Coax, twisted pair, and fiber crimpers are available Twisted pair crimp through the insulation and into the wire itself

Answer 124

No, Cat5,6,&7 cables have to go into corresponding crimpers

Answer 125

End pieces for rj45 connectors Cable must run to the top of the rj45

Answer 126

Tone generator creates a tone on copper wire, probe detect tone, probe is inductive, so it doesn’t need to touch

Answer 127

Specialized tools to punch each wire into the punch down block Organization is key (cable management) Maintain the cable twist, and document what you did

Answer 128

Performs continuity tests to see if pins are properly aligned, Can tell you if you’ve missed or crossed wires Cannot identify signal loss, crosstalk, etc. TDR (time domain reflectometer)???

Answer 129

Plug that loops back into itself, useful for testing ports You can get loopback plugs for fiber, ethernet, t1, etc.

Answer 130

Physical network tap allows you to disconnect in the middle and put a tap that sends the data to an analyzer

Answer 131

Active taps can tap copper but they require power

Answer 132

Port mirrors, or SPANs (switch port analyzers) Can be built into your switch SPANs are software that sends data to a second interface that you can send to an analyzer. Has bandwith limitations, but SPANs are a great short term option

Answer 133

Look it up

Answer 134

Most Common Ethernet Connection Each pair sends opposite signals Twisted cables twist away from interference. Combining 2 cables helps prevent interference Cables are twisted at different intervals

Answer 135

Blue,blue/white, orange, orange/white, solid green, green/white, solid brown, brown/white

Answer 136

Two or more forms sharing one axis (metal wrapped around an insulator with metal rod, often used with RG6

Answer 137

Plenum is a part of the air conditioning In case of fire, plenum rated cables won’t smoke up. They’re usually more stiff.

Answer 138

U-unshielded S-braided shielding F-foil shielding

Answer 139

Braided around the entire cable, foil around the pairs

Answer 140

Foil around the entire, nothing around pair

Answer 141

Overhead may not be best, Direct Burial STP for shielded twiisted pair Sometimes they require no conduit THey utilize waterproof gel, and a ground wire (AKA drain wire) to take away any additional voltages.

Answer 142

No radio frequencies, they can go much further than twisted pair. No interference from other radio frequencies The fiber itself is very small, surrounded by absorbent cladding and protective layer

Answer 143

Multimode works up to 2km, uses inexpensive light source. Multimode is large enough for multiple reflections to occur as light moves through fiber.

Answer 144

Single mode is much smaller, goes 100km+, uses lasers instead of LED

Answer 145

The International ISO standard defines network standards

Answer 146

Telecommunications Industry Association TIA ANSI/TIA-568 commercial building telecomms cabling standard

Answer 147

End users often use T568B

Answer 148

Check IEEE standards for ethernet crossover cables

Answer 149

Pins 4,5,7,& 8 are all the same in 568a and 568b Many punch down blocks have guides for A and B.

Answer 150

USB 1.1 low speed was 1.5mbps up to 3m, high speed was 12mbps up to 5m

Answer 151

USB2,0 was 480 mbps up to 5m

Answer 152

USB3.0(superspeed) 5 gigabits/s over 3m, (No specified max cale length

Answer 153

Standard A plug (regular plugs into comp) Standard B plug (cricket plug) Mini B plug (old cell phone, fat Micro (regular phone)

Answer 154

Standard b and micro b now have the extra slot, but standard A is still the same

Answer 155

The latest iteration, no A/B connection Supespeed+ (USB 3.1 gen2) doubles the max speed to 10GBPS

Answer 156

USB3.2 utilizes an extra lane and doubles speed?? USB3.0 has become USB 3.2 gen 1(single lane)

Answer 157

USB 3.2 gen1x2 uses 2 gen 1 lanes USB 3.2 gen2x2 uses 2 gen 2 lanes

Answer 158

HIgh speed serial connector that can put data and power on the same connector Thunderbolt is based on the Mini DisplayPort (MDP) standard

Answer 159

THunderbolt v1 is a two channel technology. 10gbps per channel, 20 gbps total

Answer 160

Thunderbolt V2 has an aggregate 20 gbps combined from both V1 channels (mini display port)

Answer 161

USBC connector allows to double the thunderbolt V2 channels and now max spee is 40 GBPS Max cable length of 3 meters (copper) and 60 meters (fiber) You can daisy chain up to 6 devices

Answer 162

VGA is an analog device, not digital and image quality deteriorates after 5-10 meters 15 pins can be assumed to be VGA VGA is video only, you need another way to get sound when using VGA THe blue color is specified by the PC System Design Guide

Answer 163

HDMI (hi def multimedia interface) Video and audio 20 meters before dropout and DIGITAL ARTIFACTS appear on screen 19 pin type a connector (exclusive to HDMI)

Answer 164

DisplayPort sends info in packeted form like ethernet and PCIe, carries audio and visual signals

Answer 165

Mini displayport (Like thunderbolt v1), and displayport (almost looks like a usb) hooks lock in a display port so you gotta press a release button. Displayport and HDMI are compatible

Answer 166

DVI DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACE Single link (3.7gbps)(60fps) and dual link (7.4 gbps)(85fps) DVI doesn’t pass any audio support

Answer 167

DVI-A is analog (dice) DVI-D is Digital (grid) DVI-I is integrated (Grid+Dice)

Answer 168

(SERIAL AT ATTACHMENT) SATA revision 1.0 1.5 gbps,1m SATA revision 2.0 3 gbps, 1m SATA revision 3.0 6 gbps,1m SATA revision 3.2 16 gbps, 1m eSATA(external SATA) matches sata version up to 2 meters

Answer 169

SATA has a single connection, powering a singe device. SATA goes directly from motherboard to STORAGE devices eSATA use the same standard, but eSATA is very different connector, can’t mix

Answer 170

(Scuzi) Standard INterface for scanners, printers, etc. SCSI can Daisy chain multiple peripherals (up to 16) Many different SCSI Standards

Answer 171

SCSI is not just for hard drives, but also tape drives, CD ROMs, Scanners, etc. You can have many different devices on one bus. SCSI is very intelligent, it handles the how of accessing the peripherals. SCSI has much support because it’s been around so long

Answer 172

There are many types of SCSI connectors Every SCSI device has a separate ID number on the bus Logical Units are defined within each SCSI ID to store drives for the peripherals SCSI terminator should be at the end Serial attached SCSI (SAS) have no jumpers, terminators, or settings

Answer 173

Serial attached SCSI (SAS) have no jumpers, terminators, or settings The move from parallel to serial SCSI increased throughput and simplified implementation. There was no more need to daisy chain or terminator, instead it was a point to point connection

Answer 174

The AT in pata and sata comes from the AT attachment standard one of the original computers from IBM, PATA was originally called IDE integrated Drive Electronic

Answer 175

On a 40 wire PATA cable the first device is 0 and the last device is device 1. These are switched for an 80 wire connection 80 wires helped decrease crosstalk with higher speeds.

Answer 176

A missing pin and notches help orient the PATA connection The storage device connector is identical to the motherboard connector

Answer 177

DVI-D is electrically compatible with HDMI, so you only need to switch the connector.

Answer 178

DVI-A is electrically compatible with VGA, but you can only get 640x480 resolution

Answer 179

you can get a USB to ethernet connection

Answer 180

RJ11 connectors have 6 positions and 2 connectors (6P2C), and they are used for telephone and DSL modems

Answer 181

RJ45 is (Registered jack type 45) 8position, 8connector (8p8c) Modular connector, used for ethernet RJ 11 has different shape than RJ 45

Answer 182

Cable connector (coax) Internet connector (DOCSIS) (data over cable service interface spec)

Answer 183

Wire to wire patch panel Permanently attach wires to wiring block

Answer 184

A is common, B is common for peripherals, mini and micro more for mobile devices

Answer 185

4 pin power connector, (AMP mate n lock) Provides 12v and 5v

Answer 186

8 pin digital signal, proprietary apple tech

Answer 187

DB-9 are still commonly used in infrastructure devices with console connections Commonly used to send RS-232 standards

Answer 188

single connector with 2 fibers, 1 to transmit, and one to receive

Answer 189

locks in with a quarter turn (fiber)

Answer 190

often come in pairs, but they can be broken apart for separate runs.

Answer 191

DDR3 increased data rates to twice as fast, maximum Ram of 16gb DDR4 increases speed and max memory of a single module to 64gb DDR5 maxes out at 64, but it has a larger throughput

Answer 192

DIMM is the standardized memory module for RAM. One side is different than the other, hence DUAL 64bit data widths are a common spec

Answer 193

SODIMM (SMALL OUTLINE DIMM) About half the size, common for laptops Sodimms are often horizontal??

Answer 194

Dynamic Ram (DRAM) has to constantly be refreshed, so it always needs power. Because it's random, you can recall any piece of information you need (unlike magnetic tape)

Answer 195

Synchronous DRAM, or SDRAM is in sync with a clock

Answer 196

NOTCHES The notches prevent using incompatible ddr

Answer 197

allows you to transfer double the data as a single data rate

Answer 198

Virtual ram, swap file etc. allows you to swap unused app data to storage. This is TEMPORARY

Answer 199

Dual, triple, or quad channel splits the throughput to multiple memory modules. Ideally, you would have the exact same memory in each slot

Answer 200

Memory can check itself for critical compute systems (virtual machines, databases, etc.

Answer 201

Adds an additional bit, but it can't always detect errors and won't self correct (Even parity will add a bit to odd bytes to make all bits even, if something didn't add up, data is corrupted)

Answer 202

Non volatile (can turn off and on) Random, don't need to rewind tape Mechanical components limit speed All HDDs eventually fail

Answer 203

The faster the drive spins, the lower the latency (HDDs can have multiple heads and platters as well) 5400 rpm - 5.55 ms 7200 rpm - 4.16 ms 10,000 rpm - 3 ms 15,000 rpm - 2 ms

Answer 204

Is also non volatile (can turn on and off) There's no moving parts so no worry aboutmechanical breakdowns Much faster than HDDs

Answer 205

The interface is very important for an SSD, Sata and SSDs are sometimes interchangeable

Answer 206

Smaller and more common in mobile devices and laptops, no spinning pieces. mSATA drives were quickly replaced by M.2 drives

Answer 207

Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI) is used by SATA to move hard drive data to ram SSD can be much faster than SATA, so something else was needed.

Answer 208

(Non Volatile Memory express) is designed for SSD speeds. You need to use an M.2 interface for this.

Answer 209

Smaller form factor, no wires for power or data, higher throughput. Sata revision 3 might be 600gbps, nvme can be 4gbps with NVMe PCIe x4

Answer 210

There's different kinds of keys for M.2. There's aB key and aM key

Answer 211

This is non volatile memory (i.e flash drives don't need power to save) There's a limited amount of times you can wire information to a flash drive. After that point, you should be able to read the information but you will not be able to write any more info

Answer 212

Redundant Array of Inexpensive/Independant Disks Some RAID levels give redundancy, some don’t

Answer 213

2 drives, take all of your data and split it (stripe it) evenly between disks. This provides performance increase, but if you lose anything , you’ve lost everything Raid 0 means 0 redundancy

Answer 214

Duplicates every single drive for redundancy, but requires twice the storage

Answer 215

Requires more disks? Split the information and includes parity to piece together the bits from lost drives. You also want to stagger the parity to different drives You could lose performance when you have to use parity

Answer 216

(1+0) A STRIPE of MIRRORS . (How many disks needed???)

Answer 217

A family of motherboard form factors, common in desktops, plenty of real estate for expansion slots and extra stuff Was standardized in 1995 Power connector is 20, or 24 pins, some have additional power

Answer 218

Developed by VIA technologies in 2001 screw compatible in ATX Ideal for small, single purpose computing, e.g streaming

Answer 219

PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) created in 1994 many expansion options, 32 bit and 64 bit bus widths (old, parallel tech) PCI’s have different voltages as well, there are gaps, or keys that confirm bit width and power rating

Answer 220

PCIe uses unidirectional serial lanes 1,2,4,8,16, or 32 full duplex lanes are used (X1,X2,X4, etc. pronounced by1, by2, etc.) Device A and B have two one way streets to communicate back and forth DONT PUSH TOO HARD

Answer 221

was 20pin, switched to 24pin for power. backwards compatible Keyed slots ensure proper connection A Lock prevents plug from slipping out 12v power connectors are used primarily for CPU and may be labeled CPU, P4, or ATX12V

Answer 222

are commonly used for hard drives and SSDs (STORAGE) eSATA connections are a great way to add internal throughput and functionality to external storage devices

Answer 223

Groups of pins on the edge of the motherboard, They might provide power, or USB, or computer buttons, or cooling fans Computer Buttons are integrated through the motherboard is through connectors provided on the case.

Answer 224

Used to plugin SSD to have all your storage connected to the motherboard.

Answer 225

You’re locked in once you decide AMD is cheaper and Intel is stronger.

Answer 226

are usually not built for speed, when it gets too hot, it’ll throttle to prevent damage from overheating. Laptops have limited modifications. Laptop system boards are proprietary and custom, so you can’t switch out motherboards like you can with ATX motherboards.

Answer 227

Firmware, on ROM or FLASH MEMORY (nowadays, everything is flash, nothing is ROM)

Answer 228

is not comprehensive, but checks for memory, CPU, video, and some kind of input (keyboard, mouse, etc.) Then it looks for a boot drive Sometimes you have a backup bios so if you upgrade and something goes wrong, you can revert to the previous version.

Answer 229

(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface BIOS), which is based on Intel’s EFI

Answer 230

Main, Security, Advanced, UEFI Drivers

Answer 231

Del, F1, F2, Ctrl-s, Ctrl-Alt-S, etc. during bootup to get to the BIOS settings Hyper-V (Windows) and VMware Workstation Player allow you to change BIOS settings? (Not Virtualbox) You can also search for UEFI BIOS simulator??

Answer 232

holding shift when clicking restart, go to settings/update and security/advanced startup/ restart now, or system config Or interrupt normal boot system 3 times

Answer 233

YOU HAVE TO MAKE A BACKUP OF YOUR BIOS CONFIGURATIONS (write notes, take picture) BE SURE ABOUT YOUR CHANGES

Answer 234

Windows 8, 10, and 11 have fast startup so you don’t have time to get to BIOS

Answer 235

You can disable the OS access to hardware from the BIOS You can tell the BIOS where to boot from (i.e. usb boot drive, ssd, hard drive) You can modify USB permissions, etc.

Answer 236

SECURE BOOT uses digital signatures to prevent malware from using your boot, it’s stock with UEFI You can add a boot password for added safety If you forget password, you gotta reset the BIO

Answer 237

CMOS is a type of memory backed up with a battery sometimes, nowadays we use flash You can reset flash memory with a jumper that shorts the circuit (You can remove battery in older computers)

Answer 238

necessary for full disk encryption A cryptographic processor generates random numbers and keys. It also has persistent memory to verify past keys, and also as a digital signature that shows the source of the info TPMs are protected against brute force attacks

Answer 239

(Hardware Security Module) Is used in large environments, and it’s a very high end security device Uses a plugin card?? IT can backup keys for servers Lightweight HSMs (smart cards) You can offload certain cryptographic functions?

Answer 240

A 32 bit processor can access up to 2 to the 32nd of information, which is 4gb of values

Answer 241

A 64 bit processor can access 17gb

Answer 242

No, because a 64 bit OS can run 32 bit apps, but 32 bit OS can’t run 64 bit apps

Answer 243

CPUs have mulltiple cores nowadays, and each core can have multiple caches, or there can be a shared cache

Answer 244

Hyper threading technology is a single core that looks like it’s multiple cores, which increases throughput by 15-30%

Answer 245

Virtualization software CAN come built into the CPU, Intel Virtualization tech and AMD virtualization can be easier to manage

Answer 246

Sound cards are good for high end audio and multiple inputs (headphonejacks, line jacks, digital audio jack)

Answer 247

Many CPUs have an integrated graphics card, sometimes you can have separate GPU

Answer 248

Integrated graphics card has many types of connectors (VGA, DVI, etc.) and you have to use that connector to utilize that graphics card

Answer 249

Capture cards are good for streaming and external cameras

Answer 250

(serial digital interface?? Like a HDMI)???

Answer 251

Network Interface Card Multiport ethernet cards are great for servers

Answer 252

Check the slot type, Hardware and software minimums, utilize Knowledge base and support forums, drivers, etc. Download Device Drivers from MFR site for latest version

Answer 253

Some adaptor cards come with their own, other do not

Answer 254

Small devices have passive cooling

Answer 255

Heat sinks are usually copper or aluminum alloy and is a good example of passive cooling

Answer 256

Heat sinks require thermal paste or thermal pad (less messy, but less effective and non reusable)

Answer 257

Liquid cooling is for higher end systems (gaming, overclocking, etc.) Liquid systems use a radiator

Answer 258

ALWAYS DISCONNECT POWER WHEN WORKING ON A DEVICE SOME DEVICES HAVE CAPACITORS THAT WILL STORE ENERGY EVEN WHEN POWERED OFF

Answer 259

watts=volts x amps

Answer 260

Hertz= the amt of cycles per second of electricity

Answer 261

In America: 110-120V, 60 Hz In Europe: 220-240V, 50 Hz (Power supply might have a switch to go from 120V to 230V, switch is sometimes automatic Use a multimeter if unsure.)

Answer 262

(DC current is measured in + or -) PCIe adaptors, fans, hard drive motors,and most modern components use +12V Legacy motherboards use +5 V Many components (M.2 Slots, Ram, motherboard logic circuits) are now using +3.3 V +5SB is for sleep mode

Answer 263

Older components use -12V for integrated LAN or serial ports, PCI cards? Some provide -5 V for legacy systems

Answer 264

24 pin motherboard connector is the main power for motherboard. It provides +3.3V, +/-5V, and +/-12V of power

Answer 265

Many servers have redundant power supplies. Ordinarily they’d both take %50 of the load and then when one goes down, you can swap the bad one out while the unit is still running

Answer 266

Connectors can be fixed, or modular. Modular allows for only the cords that you need and that will optimize airflow. Some systems allow for hybrid power supplies of both

Answer 267

More power than necessary is a waste. It don’t hurt, it don’t help. Power supplies are pretty much standardized, but exceptions apply.

Answer 268

Video cards are usually the biggest power draw of a CPU system

Answer 269

A good rule of thumb is to take the wattage you calculated, and double it

Answer 270

No. Printer drivers are specific to the device, and you NEED to get this exactly right, also You need to consider the OS and the 32 vs 64 bit drivers

Answer 271

PCL (printer command language)was created by HP and is commonly used. Postscript was developed by Adobe, and is popular with high end printers Make sure the driver matches the language, because some devices can be configured to work with PCL and Postscript

Answer 272

Usually connected by the USB connector, also RJ45 is commonly used so ppl can print from anywhere in the network. You could use Bluetooth also, but the range is limited. 802.11 infrastructure mode (wireless access point) is also common 802.11 ad hoc mode (direct link)

Answer 273

Printer Share uses one computer as a thouroughfare for all print jobs on the network, but if you turn that computer off, everyone loses access to the printer. A print server doesn’t require a computer. Jobs are handled directly from the printer via a web-based front end, or an .exe

Answer 274

Duplex: print both sided. Portrait vs. landscape

Answer 275

You might want to have user authentication on expensive printers. (password, id badge, etc.) Audit logs can tell you whos printing what. Secure prints require you to decide on a pin, then it will hold the job, and not print until you’re physically at the printer to put in the pin

Answer 276

You can scan to email (large scans can fill your mailbox), Scan to a folder using SMB, or send to cloud storage

Answer 277

Laser printers use lasers, high voltage, charged ions, heat, and powdered ink to produce very high quality prints quickly. (Requires on-printer memory, often CYMK)

Answer 278

1. Processing, 2. Charging 3. Exposing (laser) 4. Developing (Toner on drum) 5.Transferring (toner from drum to paper) 6. Fusing 7. Cleaning

Answer 279

Toner sometimes comes with an Organic Photoconductor Drum (OPC drum), which is sensitive to light and comes in opaque packaging Power down the printer, then switch them out,

Answer 280

You can check the printer’s page counter which will dictate when certain maintenance tasks have to be performed Reset the page counter when you’re done.

Answer 281

Laser printers have paper and toner dust that has to be cleaned. Water and isopropyl alcohol on a damp cloth is usually sufficient, but check documentation Toner needs a specific kind of vacuum, hot water can melt toner, making it harder to clean

Answer 282

Cheaper, high res, quieter, but ink is expensive Not archival/ it fadeseventually It clogs easily, some have a daily clean cycle. Some cartridges have an integrated printhead, sometimes their separate. To properly align printer heads, calibrate the printer

Answer 283

Streaks or missing sections of color may be caused by a clogged pinthead Some printers have a combined cartridge, but you have to replace the whole thing when you run out of one color. There may be some options to release tension on paper in case of paper jam. Make sure all paper residue is cleaned

Answer 284

a clogged pinthead

Answer 285

If you leave it near heat, the whole page turns black. NOT for archival information THere’s a silver heating element. Make sure you get the exact right kind of paper

Answer 286

A dirty heating element

Answer 287

ONLY clean where the cleaning element meets paper. They also sell cleaning cards You can blow them out to get rid of paper debris Avoid using a vacuum on printers unless it’s specifically designed. Avoid storing thermal paper anywhere near heat

Answer 288

Presses against the paper to leave indented dots. Cheap and good for multiple copies, but it’s noisy and has bad graphics

Answer 289

THe printhead is larger because it contains a heat sink. The ink is contained on a printing ribbon which is made of fabric and is of a proprietary size

Answer 290

GREEN BAR PAPER IS ASSOCIATED WITH MAINFRAME PRINTERS??

Answer 291

Print ribbon goes bad and ink gets lighter and lighter The printhead can get messed up as well. When you change the printhead, change the ribbon too When replacing the paper, you must line it up perfectly

Answer 292

FDM Fused Deposition Modelling (Filament) melts filament to create 3D objects. It’s a good all around printer.

Answer 293

A stereolithography (SLA) printer uses resin and makes very clean, finely detailed 3D prints. THe entire print hangs from a build platform and is dipped bit by bit into the resin.

Answer 294

Amazon, microsoft, rackspace, etc.

Answer 295

Internal cloud has no shared resources. You need to have your own data center, you gotta handle up front cost, but there’s no ongoing subscription cost.

Answer 296

underlying ifrastructure is owned by a third party, cost may be up front or metered. Metered costs are usually low up front, and you pay for uploads,downloads, storage, etc. Non metered is charged monthly. Rapid Elasticity and File synchronization

Answer 297

Been around since 1967 IBM mainframes You can run legacy software on a vm Hypervisor, or Virtual Machine Manager manages the guest OS Certain CPUs are designed for virtualization

Answer 298

NO. EVEN WITH A VM, YOU STILL NEED TRADITIONAL SECURITY CONTROLS: host based firewalls, anti-virus, anti-spyware

Answer 299

Bridged Network Address- Every VM has its own IP address. YOu don’t have to worry about network address translation.

Answer 300

You lock down the VM so there’s no communication outside of the virtualized environment

Answer 301

a formal process for managing change. It helps avoid downtime, mistakes, and confusion, and is corporate policy (Estimate risks, formulate recovery plan, establish tests, document/get approval for change)

Answer 302

Somethings Broken-Identify the Problem Establish some theories- test the theories- evaluate if it’s working- repeat Create a plan of action-implement plan- verify full system functionality- document findings

Answer 303

Gather info (duplicate the issue, if possible, get a screenshot) Gather symptoms (may be multiple symptoms) Question user (email and phone calls) Determine if anything has changed Approach multiple problems individually Get backups of everything, take notes

Answer 304

Occam’s Razor: the simplest explanation is often the most likely Consider everything (think outside the box) Make a list of all possible causes Get documentation, maybe someone else already dealt with this exact problem

Answer 305

Go through theories, easiest, to hardest

Answer 306

Correct the issue with minimum impact, always include a rollback plan Have a plan B and a plan C

Answer 307

Fix the issue (usually there’s time constraints) Escalate as necessary (call in help)

Answer 308

The test should be a part of the plan Implement preventative measures

Answer 309

List symptoms, changes, and results Most databases will have help desk software or knowledge-base software that heps prevent

Answer 310

POST (Power On Self Test) designed to make sure that all of the main components are available. (CPU, VIDEO, KEYBOARD, MEMORY, etc.)

Answer 311

You get a beeping sound and a visual message, the beeps are there if your computer screen doesn’t work Beep codes differ from one brand to the next, so check motherboard documentation Beep codes might tell you that you have a bad video, bad memory, or bad cpu/no cpu

Answer 312

Date and time setting might be off in the BIOS. change the battery

Answer 313

You can go to the !!!WINDOWS EVENT VIEWER!!! To see what the event logs say about the problem. It may not help much. Contact MFR of computer and of the software that is causing the error. They can access DEBUG LOGS???

Answer 314

can be caused by bad hardware, bad drivers, or a bad application You can get a previous configuration: Last Known Good, System Restore, or Rollback Driver!! Sometimes you can boot up in SAFE MODE!!! (certain drivers aren’t loaded in safe mode, so it can help pinpoint the problem) Remove and reseat new hardware.

Answer 315

If it doesn’t go away, you gotta power down and power back up. Possible reasons:Application Bug, Bad hardware/memory, or Slow paging to disc. If you gotta restart, go to console logs

Answer 316

Start with the cabling for power and connection Check input settings HDMI, DVI, etc. Check brightness settings, swap with a known good monitor. If The screen works until WIndows loads, then you want to startup in WINDOWS VGA MODE. (vga mode is a generic mode that works with almost every monitor)

Answer 317

Check power supply with multimeter Check fans, if fans are on, trace the power to see where the power is coming from. Check POST

Answer 318

If you see/smell smoke, power down Locate bad components on motherboard

Answer 319

In windows, restart and check event viewer. Might be heat related, might be faile hardware (check device manager) Detailed diagnostics (Proccess of elimination, see what’s working well.)

Answer 320

It may provide an error msg, might just disappear, but it won’t offer much info Check event viewer for more info. Reliability monitor will provide a graphical representation If you think you know which app is bugging, Uninstall and reinstall latest version

Answer 321

Computers should hum, not grind It’s probably the HDD or the fan Rattling might be from loose components Scraping noise might be from HDD, very serious Clicking is usually the fan

Answer 322

A pop is usually the capacitor on a motherboard (bulging cylinders, very faint)

Answer 323

System Completely Stops, usually not much in the event logs Check for anything that is still responsive, e.g hard drive, status lights, num lock button, try ctr-alt-del See if any new work has been done recently (hardware drivers, software patches) Low resources (ram and storage) Hardware diagnostics might be necessary

Answer 324

How far does the boot go before it restarts (does it stop at the BIOS, at the OS logo?) If you have a bad driver, hit F8 and boot from last known working configuration Hit F8, safe mode, disable automatic restarts in system properties (gives you time to read blue screens or error msgs) Try to swap harware (adapter card, memory, etc.)

Answer 325

Gotta change battery, or else you’ll get an error msg. Changing battery will NOT alter BIOS, which is stored on motherboard in flash memory. (jumper wire)

Answer 326

Task manager, view CPU utilization per process Check performance tab as well If low utilization, it may be a problem with the I/O devices Windows updates might slow down computer without giving info on background processes Check Disk Space

Answer 327

Power throttling in certain modes, (power saving mode) Hot computers might slow down to stay cool Antivirus might be working in the background as well Fans and Heat sinks have to be clear and clean. Temperature monitoring software is built into the BIOS, but you can get a 3rd party monitor like HWMONITOR for more info

Answer 328

If you see/smell smoke, power down Locate bad components on motherboard.

Answer 329

In windows, restart and check event viewer. Might be heat related, might be faile hardware (check device manager) Detailed diagnostics (Proccess of elimination, see what’s working well.)

Answer 330

It may provide an error msg, might just disappear, but it won’t offer much info Check event viewer for more info. Reliability monitor will provide a graphical representation If you think you know which app is bugging, Uninstall and reinstall latest version

Answer 331

Computers should hum, not grind It’s probably the HDD or the fan Rattling might be from loose components Scraping noise might be from HDD, very serious Clicking is usually the fan A pop is usually the capacitor on a motherboard (bulging cylinders, very faint)

Answer 332

System Completely Stops, usually not much in the event logs Check for anything that is still responsive, e.g hard drive, status lights, num lock button, try ctr-alt-del See if any new work has been done recently (hardware drivers, software patches) Low resources (ram and storage) Hardware diagnostics might be necessary

Answer 333

How far does the boot go before it restarts (does it stop at the BIOS, at the OS logo?) If you have a bad driver, hit F8 and boot from last known working configuration Hit F8, safe mode, disable automatic restarts in system properties (gives you time to read blue screens or error msgs) Try to swap harware (adapter card, memory, etc.)

Answer 334

Gotta change battery, or else you’ll get an error msg. Changing battery will NOT alter BIOS, which is stored on motherboard in flash memory. (jumper wire)

Answer 335

Could be from slow performance (constant LED activity on Hard drive light, or constantly retrying) Loud clicking, grinding, or scraping

Answer 336

‘Drive not recognized, boot device not found.’ ‘OS not found’ (can reach the hard drive but can’t reach the OS) Check your cables Check boot sequence in BIOS (check for removable disks, especially USB, and check for disabled storage interfaces)

Answer 337

Check data and power cables, check sata interfaces, Try the drive in a different computer

Answer 338

Recovery is expensive and not always successful SSDs may allow to read, but not to write (data can be permanently lost)

Answer 339

If a Single drive has failed, you could usually use a RAID manager in the system to get more info

Answer 340

A lot happens when reading/writing data. Memory access, communication across the bus, spinning drive access reading data to different storage devices There can be delays anywhere within this process. Measure the IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) to get big picture view of data used. 200 IOPS for HDD, 1,000,000 IOPS for SSD

Answer 341

Check the BIOS, Check for bad drives/cables, reseat the drives If it’s a external drive, make sure you got power to the drive

Answer 342

you may have missed that drive being mounted during the startup process, try to reconnect, or run LOGIN SCRIPT?? Again

Answer 343

Check connection, Check input selectionTry a known good monitor,check brightness ctrls, load in f8 (VGA mode/safe mode?)

Answer 344

Check the cable pins, ESPECIALLY when missing a color

Answer 345

CHange OS refresh rates and resolution settings Disable hardware acceleration

Answer 346

LCD has a fixed number of pixels Video looks best when the video matches the display’s native resolution Try to use a multiple of native resolution and maintain proportions

Answer 347

Is a problem across the board Some displays will pixel shift to prevent burn-in On LCDs it’s called image sticking, you want to show a white screen for a while to reset

Answer 348

Phone batteries will degrade over time. Searching for signal will worsen the battery life, so go in airplane mode when you’re out of network Check the battery features to find our what’s consuming the battery life

Answer 349

Significant fire risk Have to dispose properly and replace with a known good battery

Answer 350

Perfect time for a backup, Sometimes you have to replace entire display Maybe tape it down to prevent cuts

Answer 351

Clean out with safety pin Check cable Check outlet with multimeter

Answer 352

Wifi has a limited range, interference can limit throughput, May need to change channel/frequency configuration

Answer 353

Phone manufacturers use liquid contact indicator to know if there was a spill Power down, break it down,put it in silica gel Leave it ALONE for at least a day

Answer 354

Phone will automatically shutdown Charging,using, display, and CPU all make heat internally

Answer 355

Touchscreen can be completely black, or unresponsive Hold the power buton for a soft reset, if you can’t access the screen, hard reset by holding the power and volume/home buttons for 10 seconds

Answer 356

Charging ports are built into the system board, so to fix it, you have to swap the entire board

Answer 357

Look for unusual apps, large data transfers, pop up messages, high CPU usage, excessive battery use, battery overheating Try a security app or virus scanner

Answer 358

Common on older machines Use a touch calibration app

Answer 359

Print test is built into windows THere can be diagnostics built into the printer itself as well

Answer 360

Lines down the page: inkjet, check the inkjet, laser, check the drum

Answer 361

Echo images, laser printer optical drum isn’t being cleaned properly

Answer 362

Wrong driver, or wrong printer language Print a test page to verify functionality

Answer 363

Touching the page smudges it (fuser assembly not working)

Answer 364

If the paper is coming out creased, might be a blockage, or maybe worng weight of paper

Answer 365

If you get a corrupted printjob then the print spooler will crash and backup the print queue, delete the corrupted file and you should be good

Answer 366

COLOR ACCURACY Calibrate screen (3rd party options) Then calibrate the printer

Answer 367

Never a good sound Could be a paper jam, could be mechanical and require professional help.

Answer 368

Some printers have staplers built in, Some printers can bind like a book, some printers can punch holes

Answer 369

Check settings Check the default printer settings

Answer 370

Check for a link light Now, see how far you are into the network Ping the loopback address, if it responds, then look further Ping local IP address assigned by network adapter Next, ping the default gateway (critical link between your device and the rest of the world) Finally, Ping external websites, like google

Answer 371

Could be Interference, check signal strength Check transmitting and receiving antennae Channels are usually automatical, but look for manual tuning Bounce and latency You may have to move closer to the access point

Answer 372

Flourescent lights, microwave ovens, cordeless phones, high power sources UNPREDICATBLE INTERFERENCE is other tenants Check the signal to noise ratio SNR (WIndows performance monitor)

Answer 373

Check IP address (ideally assigned by a DHCP server) If you see an Automatic Private IP Address APIPA then you can’t get one from DHCP Check local gateway and remote ip address???

Answer 374

There’s no retransmission on live streams Jitter is a statistical measure of the time between frames Voice calls become choppy when there’s a lot of jitter

Answer 375

You neeed high speed low latency internet Check local network equipment, some old routers can’t handle the throughput PERFORM A PACKET CAPTURE TO VIEW NETWORK PERFORMANCE??

Answer 376

Some latency is normal You gotta examine latency at every sep along the way, which will require MULTIPLE MEASUREMENT TOOLS?? Packet captures are a great help. You can et details down to the microsecond

Answer 377

Link light goes on and off Try using a cable tester Move to a different interface and see if that helps The problem may also be with the comuter or NIC for the device

Answer 378

if the pixels are always dead, it's a manufacturer defect Clean the monitor You gotta replace the monitor

Answer 379

check the cable, reseat it, replace it if that don't work Check the monitor settings first

Answer 380

Monitor settings (tint, color presets, factory reset) Driver config OS config (some have a night light settings)

Answer 381

Metal halide lamp gets hot, lamps are expensive, so leave thze fan on after use Intermittent shutdown-cooling problem Some projectors have airflow filters that need to be replaced

Answer 382

127.0.0.1 (127.x.x.x) Simply refers to your own system CMD ping 127.0.0.1 (should get a reply when things are working well) Verifies that the NIC is working.