Comptia 1102 Flashcards
Windows typically gives support for ___ years after they are released
5
Windows 10 pro allowed for
Remote device access, bitlocker (FDE), and group policy mgt
Windows 10 pro workstation allowed
4 physical CPUs, max ram of 6 tb, resilient file system (like windows server)
Windows 10 enterprise allowed for
Large scale implementation, volume licensing, applocker, branchcache, granular user xp (kiosks and customizable workstations)
Windows 10 hardware requirements x86:
For x86: 1 GHz processor, 1 gb ram, 32 gb of disk space, Microsoft direct x graphics with wddm driver, min. 800x600
Windows 10 hardware requirements x64:
For x64: 1 GHz processor, 2 gb ram, 32 gb free disk space, Microsoft direct x graphics with wddm driver, min. 800x600
What are Windows Workgroups?
Windows workgroups are logical groups of networks. Each device is a standalone network, and everyone is a peer (no centralization, every computer has its own set of usernames and passwords)
WINDOWS AT WORK::
Windows at work offers large scale support (thousands of devices)
Windows at work addresses security concerns
Includes Productivity (excel) and Media (video and audio)
It allows for efficient file transfers at multiple locations
WINDOWS DOMAIN SERVICES:
Large database for all computers, devices, printers, etc.
Everything is documented in one place
Active directory is not suitable for home use
Active directory also is used for authentication, centrtalized management, etc.
Windows Domain:
centralized database that allows users to have a single login,
DESKTOP STYLES:
A work devcice often uses a standard desktop with a common user interface
You have very limited customization, but you can work at any computer
AVAILABILITY of RDP:
Remote Desktop Protocol:
RDP client is the software that access the remote device, available in almost any OS
RDP is not available in Windows home, but you do have remote assistance
BITLOCKER and EFS(Encrypting File Service):
EFS encrypts single files,
Bitlocker is a FDE (Full Disk Encryption) software
GROUP POLICY:
Allows you to centrally manage users and systems
It can be a part of active directory or a local system
You can manage a local device using??? gpedit.msc
Group Policy Management Console
Group Policy Management Console is integrated with active directory and offers powerful system management gpmc.msc???
WINDOWS UPGRADES
UPGRADE VS. INSTALL:
upgrades keep the files in place, whereas an install starts over completely
upgrades maintain consistency (customizations, files, applications, etc.)
upgrades saves hours of time by avoiding application reinstalls
In place upgrade
everything stays where it is.
You’d start the comp, and from the existing OS, you would start the upgrade
Clean install
You MUST backup everything in your OS before a clean install
Start the setup by booting from the installation media (dvd or usb), or downloaded from the internet, media creation (allows you to make a boot drive from the online package)
You CAN’T upgrade from a x86, to a x64 version, or vice versa
Which versions of windows can upgrade to windows 10? Which versions of windows can upgrade to windows 11?
You can perform in place upgrades to Windows 10 from Windows 7 and 8.1 (not 8.0)
The ONLY available in place upgrade to 11 is 10
POST INSTALLATION:
Make sure your files are in place
If it doesn’t boot, you have bigger problems
testing is useful for unknown hardware configurations
start=> settings=> system=> recovery=> go back=>
Check also for additional installations (service packs, security patches, security apps, driver updates, app updates)
PRIVELEGES:
Standard priveleges are default.
Administrative/Elevated prompts are for more priveleges
To access administrative prompts, type -cmd, ctrl+shift+enter
(Same process in windows 10 and 11)
Help cmd
If you are unsure, you can type help
> help dir
> help chkdsk (Check disc)
> help copy
You can also use [command] /?
cls cmd
Close the prompt with exit
> cls clears the screen
dir cmd
> dir to list all files and directories in a given folder
md/rd/cd cmds
> md or mkdir to make a folder
rd or rmdir to remove folder
cd or > chdir to change the working directory, use a backslash to specify the folder name
Two periods cmd
Use two periods to specify the folder above the current folder (helpful when you have to move backwards through the system)
DRIVE LETTERS
When working in windows, we need a way to determine where files are located, different files have different letters.
Which drive letter is associated with local storage?
Local storage drives are associated with the letter C
HOSTNAME:
Whatever name comes up with this prompt, the next thing you type in will go to that name
> format
(You can lose data here. MAKE SURE YOU FORMAT THE CORRECT DRIVE)
writes a new file system in, effectively erasing anything that was there
e.g > format k:
default might be a FAT32 type of file system (file allocation table 32) verifies size (e.g 2 GB)
VOLUME LABEL???
copy cmd
> copy sourcefile destination(newname?)
copy /v verifies the two files are identical
copy /y suppresses prompt to confirm you want to overwrite an existing file
TAB KEY CAN AUTOCOMPLETE
xcopy cmd
xcopy /s (subdirectories) copies all files within a given set of folders
robocopy (robustcopy)
a better version of xcopy, included in windows 10 and 11
backwards compatibility by certain formats??
/IPG:n Inter-Packet Gap to free bandwith on slower lines (helps when you’re copying a file with limited bandwith and you don’t want to overwhelm the system)
Robocopy can copy files only at a certain time of the day,
Robocopy can copy files to a remote site, wait if the connectivity is broken, and automatically resume when the connectivity is restored
shutdown cmds
> shutdown powers off the whole system
shutdown /r /t (seconds) restarts after n number of seconds.
shutdown /s /t (number of seconds) wait so many seconds
shutdown /a (aborts the shutdown)
WHAT ARE PARTITIONS??
> diskpart creates partitions from an available disk
you can create, modify, delete, and format partitions all from diskpart, YOU CAN LOSE DATA
you can use the list command from inside diskpart to list out disks, volumes, partitions, etc.
> winver cmd
> winver tells you information on what windows version you’re running (helpful info on security patches)
gpupdate cmd
> gpupdate forces a groupupdate without having to cycle through the login process
gpresult checks what the current configuration on group policy is, and you can check it before and after the update
(gpresult /r) (gpresult /user sgc/professor /v)
> gpupdate applies changes
gpupdate /force applies everything
Ipconfig cmd
Most troubleshooting problems start with IP address
You need to know IP addresses, subnet masks, DNS settings, etc. (Ping your local gateway?)
> ipconfig pings local router, tells what TCP/IP and network adapter you’re using, What servers you’re using, etc.
> ipconfig /all gives even more information
> ping
> ping pings another device, determines reachability and round-trip time.
(Uses Interenet Control Message Protocol ICMP)
ping 9.9.9.9 would send 4 separate request and expect 4 separate responses
TTL cmd
TTL tells how many hops between us and who we’re pinging. If the number changes, then the pathway changed
netstat cmd
> netstat (network statistics)
netstat -a (shows all active connections, what ports you’re listening on, etc.)
netstat -b (shows what windows are open? requires elevated permission)
netstat -n (only show ip addresses)
nslookup cmd
> nslookup (name server lookup)
canonical names, IP addresses, cache timers
Net view cmd
> net view (view network resources)
Net user cmd
> net use (map a network to share a drive letter?)
Net user cmd
> net user (view acct info and change passwords)
how to assign drive letter ‘w’ to that share of the server
> net use w: \servername\sharename (assigns drive letter ‘w’ to that share of the server.)
tracert cmd
> tracert (traces routeof a ping, mapping the entire path)
takes advantage of ttl exceeded error msgs to map pathway
ICMP is usually low priority, so many routers and firewalls will not respond to ICMP protocols
tracert -d only sends IP addresses
> pathping cmd
combination of tracert and ping
traces route, then adds round trip time and packet loss at each hop
>pathping -n (only Ip addresses)
Task Manager
real time stats
access task manager by pressing: ctrl-alt-del, ctr-shift-esc, or right clicking taskbar
SERVICES
non-interactive background processes
STARTUP (task manager)
gives you a list of all apps that startup when you login (if an app is giving problems, disable a bunch and add them in one by one to identify the problem app)
Task Manager Tabs
Services, Startup, Processes, Performance, Networking, Users
PROCESSES (task manager)
view all interactive apps, can even show other users apps running. you can add metrics that you want to see.
PERFORMANCE (task manager)
view cpu, memory, network, and storage info as a graph over time
NETWORKING (task manager)
used to be its own tab, now it’s part of the performance tab, you can see link speed, utilization, etc.
USERS (task manager)
Who is connecting, what are they doing? you can disconnect and modify from this tab as well.
MICROSOFT MGT CONSOLE
allows you to build your own console so everything is under one window
search for mmc.exe
No utilities will be listed, you have to populate it yourself.
Handy starting point: event viewer; local users and groups; disk management; task scheduler; etc.
Add snap-ins (kinda looks like pro tools automation window)
EVENT VIEWER
Central event consolidation (what happened?)
Application, Security, System, Setup
Information, Warning Error, Succesful Audit, Failure Audit
> eventvwr.msc
DISK MANAGEMENT
Manage disk operations on computers and file servers
> diskmgmt.msc
WARNING: YOU CAN LOSE DATA (ALWAYS BACKUP)
TASK SCHEDULER
schedule an app or script
Includes tepmplates/predefined schedules
Organize- You can separate tasks into folders
> taskschd.msc
DEVICE MANAGER
The OS doesn’t know how to talk to most hardware
device drivers are OS specific and hardware specific
> devmgmt.msc
CERTIFICATE MANAGER
view user and trusted certs
personal certs, trusted root certs, active directory certs, 3rd party root certs
> certmgr.msc
LOCAL USERS AND GROUPS
Users: administrator, regular, and guest,
Groups: Administrators, usersm backup operators, power users, etc.
> lusrmgr.msc
PERFORMANCE MONITOR
Gather long term statistics
OS metrics, like: Disk, memory, cpu, etc
Set alarms and alerts
Store statistics and analyze
Has built in reports to analyze data
GROUP POLICY EDITOR
centrally manage users and systems
Policies can be part of active directory, or a local system
Local Group Policy Editor > gpedit.msc
Group Policy (integrated with active directory; it’s a more powerful system management tool)
gpmc.msc
SYSTEM INFORMATION
> msinfo32.exe
hardware resources, OS info, how much memory is installed, DMA? IRQ? conflicts??
components, Multimedia configs, display, input/network configs?
Software environment, drivers, print jobs, running tasks
RESOURCE MONITOR
detailed real world view separated by category: overview, CPU, memory, disk, network
> resmon.exe
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
manage boot processes, startup, etc.
one stop shop
> msconfig.exe
DISK CLEANUP
finds unused and unneeded files
select different categories to free up disk space
shader caches?? delivery optimization files??
> cleanmgr.exe
DEFRAG
disk defragmentation takes HDD and moves file fragments so that they are cointiguous.
Helps performance slightly
Windows doesn’t defrag an SSD
graphical version of defrag is under drive properties
you can also defrag from command line
you can schedule defrags as well
WINDOWS REGISTRY EDITOR
big hige master database
hierarchical structure??
> regedit.exe
Can find info about Kernel, Device Drivers, Services, Security Acct Manager (SAM), User interface and apps
BACK UP YOUR REGISTRY!!
What are control panel utilities called?
ctrl panel utilities are called applets
INTERNET OPTIONS
determines how the built in browser will operate in windows
Control panel common applets
general- basic display
security- different access based on site location
privacy-cookies pop-up blocker
content- certificates and auto-complete
connections- VPN and proxy settings
programs- default browser, plugins, etc.
advanced- detailed configuration options and reset button
DEVICES AND PRINTERS
everything on the network, (desktops, printers, multimedia devices, storage)
quick and easy way to manage device settings. much easier than device manager
PROGRAMS AND FEATURES
installed apps
you can turn on and off many windows features here
NETWORK AND SHARING CENTER (ctrl panel)
All network adapters (wired, wireless, etc?)
All network configurations adapter settings, network addresses
Ctrl panel SYSTEM
computer info, including version of windows and edition
advanced system settings (performance settings, user profiles, etc.)
configuring remote desktop if your version supports that
DEVICE MANAGER
manages device drivers
you can add/remove/modify
you can troubleshoot a piece of hardware from here
INDEXING OPTIONS
speed up the search process, constantly updates an index
search specifics like browser history or include/exclude certain files.
ADMINISTRATIVE TOOLS
not commonly used utilities
Very useful tools,
task scheduler, services, or events
TIME AND LANGUAGE (windows settings)
windows tries to set the clock by default
Active Domain is very sensitive to synchronized clocks
5 min of tolerance by default (active directory)
Windows Settings
an updated interface, many ctrl panel features have been integrated, but it focuses on ease of use
TIME AND LANGUAGE, UPDATE AND SECURITY, PERSONALIZATION, APPS , PRIVACY, SYSTEM, DEVICES, NETWORK AND INTERNET, GAMING, ACCOUNTS
APPS
similar to PROGRAMS AND FEATURES in ctrl panel
manage installed apps, uninstall, modify, etc. apps
you can modiy windows features, like fonts, services, protocols, (OpenSSH server? SNMP support?)
PRIVACY (windows settings)
share app activity
enable or disable advertising ID
you can see how windows tracks apps and how windows provides suggested content
speech recognition (a lot of times, audio is sent to a 3rd party for processing)
SYSTEM (windows settings)
Change the display settings: resolution/scaling of the display, night light
Audio settings, mute or unmute the audio
enable/disable notifications, show notifications on lock screen
DEVICES (windows settings)
bluetooth, printers, etc.
mouse settings (which buttons perform different functions in the OS
keyboard and stylus settings
NETWORK AND INTERNET (windows settings)
(ONE OF THE FIRST PLACES YOU GO TO TROUBLESHOOT INTERNET PROBLEMS)
change IP address, modify ip address info
GAMING (windows settings)
XBOX game bar
you can play PC games and connect to cloud based xbox games through windows?
XBOX game bar allows you to stream and capture gameplay and share with friends
ACCOUNTS (windows settings)
manage login acct info
email configuration, (set default email client)
sign-in options: pin, password, security key??, etc.
SHARED RESOURCES (network technologies)
you can share folders and printers across the network
Assign (map) a drive letter to a share
access a file server, reconnect automatically
Shares ending with $ are invisible, this is NOT a security feature
Administrative tools, computer mgt, shares, sessions, open files, to get list of shared files
MAPPING DRIVE (network technologies)
Access a share
Map network drive icon in toolbar,
specify a drive letter and a share name, may require authentication
How do you tell if a network share is a server or not?
SERVERS START WITH 2 BACKSLASHES, BACKSLASH AFTER NAME OF SERVER, THEN NAME OF SHARE
> net use h: “\Daedalus\Gate Room” (quotations are necessary if there’s a space in the name)
SHARING PRINTERS (network technologies) abs how to access printers?
similar to sharing a folder
access through file explorer, settings app, or print properties
PROXY SETTINGS (network technologies)
change the traffic flow as an internet go-between
Settings,network,internet, or
Ctrl Panel, internet options, connections, LAN settings
(you can define address and add exceptions)
NETWORK LOCATION (network technologies)
private- home or office, you’re configured to connect to things in your immediate area
Public- limits sharing and connectivity
You can customize but the changes are automatic
Network status connection, connection properties, change between public and private
NETWORK PATHS (network technologies)
file explorer is an easy way to change network paths in explorer
specify drive letter, share name and server name
right click and disconnect to remove share from the list
METERED CONNECTION (network technologies)
under settings, network connection, metered connection
Shows the data that’s being used and what apps are using it, you can limit by app, by time, etc.
CONFIGURING FIREWALLS (network technologies)
Firewalls should always be enabled, but sometimes you need to troubleshoot.
temporarily disable from the main screen, turn windows firewall on or off with elevated permission
public and private networks have two different types of security postures
you can block all incoming connections, including the ones that are allowed
you can create exceptions, block by port number, or go by a predefined list, or custom firewall rule
ADVANCED CONFIGURATIONS (network technologies)
port #, (tcp or udp)
You can configure web servers here???
HOW WINDOWS GETS AN IP ADDRESS
DHCP for automatic ip addressing by default
If DHCP fails or there’s no static address, APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing) will assign a limited IP address.
APIPA
(Automatic Private IP Addressing) will assign a limited IP address.
It is a LINK LOCAL address, can’t communicate outside
APIPA addresses go from 169.254.1.0 to 169.254.254.255
Static IP addressing
Sometimes you have to configure IP yourself, we call this static addressing (it’ll autofill whatever you leave blank)
(you configure subnet mask, default gateway, etc.)
What 3 things do you need to communicate outside of your network?
TCP/IP HOST ADDRESSES
IP-unique identifier, Subnet Mask- identifies the subnet, Gateway- the route to the internet
YOu neet ALL 3 to talk outside of your network
What server resolves IP addresses and domain names
DNS (Domain Name Server) resolves IP address and domain name.
Troubleshooting IP stack
LOOPBACK ADDRESS: 127.0.0.1 you can ping your loopback address to troubleshoot your IP stack???
How to set up alternate IP address
ALTERNATE IP can be used as well
ctrl panel, network sharing center, change adapter settings, properties, IPV4 properties
Alternate IP allows you to set up secondary configurations fo r different use cases
NETWORK SETUP
network and sharing center, setup a new connection or network
step by step wizard which is customized for the task. You get a confirmation during the task
connect to the internet, setup new network, or connect to a workplace
VPN
Many orgs will setup VPN concentrators, encrypts data from devices and corporate network. The VPN concentrator decrypts data at the network, and encrypts it to send to laptop. The laptop must decrypt the data.
There’s a built in VPN client in windows
Integrate a smart card for additional authentication
Enable/Disable VPN on windows taskbar using network status icon
WIRELESS CONNECTIONS
SSID (service set identification) is the network name
Security type (encryption method) (e.g WPA2)
Encryption type (e.g AES, TKIP)
Security Key WPA2 personal (preshared)
WPA2 enterprise- 802.1x (login like regular)
WIRED CONNECTIONS
Ethernet cable direct connection
wireless wired, etc. fastest connection is the default
WWAN CONECTION
wireless wide area network:
requires specialized equipment sometimes.
hotspot, bluetooth, antennae, etc.
allows connectivity even if you’re far away from ethernet or 802.11 network
How many numbers in 32 bit OS?
32 bit OS has 2^32 (4 billion) different values
How many values in a 64 bit OS?
64 bit OS can reference 2^53, or 18 quintillion values
Can hardware drivers work for different OSs?
No. Hardware drivers are OS specific
Integrated vs. discrete graphics
CPU and GPU are on the same chip.
THis is very common in laptops
discrete graphics cards uses its own VRAM on a dedicated GPU and is higer end
RAM REQUIREMENTS
This is a critical spec because the app has to execute inside the ram.
You need above and beyond the app spec to properly run
(If the OS requires 4 gigs and the app requires 4 gigs, you need 8 gigs)
CPU REQUIREMENTS
clock speed is important (GHz)
processing speed is a good starting point
external hardware tokens limit access to authorized users, this can be limiting
Storage requirements are typically pretty low for an app, but it’s good to check
initial install might be low, but it might get higher later on
APP DISTRIBUTION METHOD
downloadable, get it direct from the dev, or from a centralized app store
physical media is increasingly rare (optical media, USB, etc.)
ISO FILES
optical disk image
takes everything on the drive and puts it into a single file.
(sector by sector copy of the OS)
The ISO uses its own system (ISO 9660 FILE SYSTEM)
The OS will recognize an ISO and display it as a separate drive/file system, even though it’s all running from a single file.
T/F: ANY APPS YOU INSTALL WILL HAVE YOUR RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS
TRUE; Upgrading/installing, might cause slowdowns, deleted files, or app stops working
Also, you’re giving the app acess to the entire network.
Might hinder time sensitive tasks, also users may need further training, and it can also cause entire system to fail.
What do operating systems do?
Control interaction between components (i.e memory, CPU, hard drives)
A common platform for applications
User interface
STANDARD OS FEATURES
File mgt (add, delete, rename)
App support (memory mgt, swap file mgt)
Input and Output Support (printers, keyboards, storage devices, etc.)
OS Configuration tools
MICROSOFT WINDOWS
Major marketing presence
tons of support
customization tools
disadvantages: bigger target
LINUX
free unix-like operating system
many different distribuitions
FREE
compatible with almost every hardware option
Worldwide support system
Disadvantages: Limited driver support, especially with laptops, limited support options (no customer support)
APPLE macOS
very easy to use and compatible with MacOS apps
very secure, only one dev (the apple company)
disadvatnages: requires apple hardware, less industry spport, higher hardware cost
CHROME OS
based on Linus kernel
based on Chrome browser, less expensive
Often tied to cloud based operations due to limited space
IPADOS
a variant of iphone iOS
Desktop browser, second monitor capabilities (sidecar), keyboard support, multitaksing
iOS
based on Unix and built specifically for iOS Closed source, no access to source code.
to write apps for apple iOS, you would need Software Developer’s Kit that runs on macOS
Apple also checks all its apps thoroughly
ANDROID OS
opensource operating software based on linux
supported on many different mfr hardware
android specific SDK, and also 3rd party downloads
VENDOR SPECIFIC LIMITATIONS
different mfrs have different END OF LIFE? policies
Updating (bug fixes, security patches, enhancements to the app)
There are compatibilities between different OSs (files can generally be shared between them)
There’s almost no direct app compatibility, but there are usually different versions for different OSs
FILE SYSTEMS
before data can be stored, a partition must be formatted to store the file.
FAT32 and NTFS are popular for windows
OSs can read and write many different file systems (might be basaed on media that you’re using, or the capabilities of the OS)
FAT
file allocation table, one of the first PC based file allocation
FAT32
(newest) supports 2 terabyte volume size and max file size of 4 gigs,
If you’re using a flash drive, you’re probably using exFAT system
exFAT system.
exFAT can support larger files.
exFAT is used across all OSs
NTFS-
(configuring partition in windows) much more extensive, it includes Quotas? file compressions? large file support? security and recoverability
NTFS is Not very compatible with other file systems
Many OSes will read but not write NTFS files
EXT3
Linux/Unix exclusive
EXT4 is newer and commonly used in linux and android OSes
APFS
Apple file system added to macOS high sierra (10.12.4)
also included with iOS and iPadOS
optimized for solid state storage with encryption, snapshots, increased data integrity
BOOT METHODS
USB, Optical drive (older), PXE (remote enterprise), SSD/hard drive, internet (linux), hot swappable drive, internal hard drive
DISK PARTITIONS
Separates the physical drive into logical pieces
it’s useful to keep data separated, but multiple partitions are not always necessary
Useful for maintaining virtual machines
formatted partitions are called volumes
GPT PARTITION STYLE
(GUID Partition Table (Globally Unique Identifier)
The latest partition standard
Requires a UEFI BIOS, you can have 128 partitions, max size 9 billion TB (256TB for windows)
There’s no need for extended platforms or logical drivers?
MBR PARTITION
Master Boot Record
Older, more limited, Max size of 2 TB
Primary - bootable partition, max of 4, One can be marked as active (for startup)
Extended-One extended partition per hard disk(optional) contains additional logical partitions, but they are NOT bootable.
DISK PARTITIONING
Some new drives have already been partitioned, you can delete those partitions or use them
This is NOT an everyday thing, you can lose data
QUICK FORMAT vs. FULL FORMAT
quick format creates a new file table but doesn’t erase the data quick formats are default during installation of Windows 10 and 11
> diskpart is a full format it overwrites all data, writes in 0s where the data used to be so nothing is recoverable. It also checks the entire disk for bad sectors
UPGRADING WINDOWS
UPGRADE VS. INSTALL
Upgrading maintains consistency
Upgrade saves hours of time, keeps user files and settings
upgrades commonly start inside the OS.
Clean install requires backing up and restoring all files
PREPARE THE BOOT DRIVE
Is data on the drive? has it already been formatted? What partitions are on the drive?
Partitioning and formatting process is already part of the installation process (you’ll be prompted to partition)
BEFORE INSTALLING
Check minimum OS requirements for memory, disk space, etc. and also recommended requirements
Run a hardware compatibility check (WIndows 10 upgrade checker, Windows 11 PC health check)
Plan for installation questions: partition sizes, file systems, license keys etc.
Application and driver compatibility
WINDOWS PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE
monthly updates- security updates, bug fixes
feature updates- annual updates with new features (used to be every 3-5 yrs)
support is provided after the release for 18-36 months
For more info, go to modern life cycle policy on windows website
Mac OS FILE TYPES
.dmg- Apple disk image format
.pkg- installer package used to distribute software and runs through an installer script
.app- application bundles after software is installed (right click and view all pkg files)
UNINSTALLATION PROCESS
most can just uninstall, but some require a separate uninstallation process
uninstall files are inside the .app bundle of files
APPLE ID AND CORPORATE RESTRICTION
companies use a managed apple id through apple business manager
It allows them to intergrate the system with an active directory infrastructure
it can connect to corporate mdm (mobile device manager)
MacOS BACKUPS
MacOS backups are called time machine
daily backups and monthly bundles
Time machine will automatically delete the oldest files when it runs out of space
MacOS ANTIVIRUS
MacOS does not include anti-virus or anti-malware, but there are 3rd party options
There are built in defense mechanisms to protect it from windows
If you download antivirus software, make sure it updates itself constantly so that it’s checking against the latest anti-malware signatures
MACOS SYSTEM PREFERENCES
The Mac version of Windows ctrl panel
DISPLAYS
configure multiple displays
menu can be moved to any display
modify resolution, brightness, color profiles, etc.
NETWORK
configure any wired or wireless networks
advanced: IPv4,IPv6, 802.1x, DNS and DHCP configurations
TIME MACHINE
automated backups every hour for the last day, daily backups for the last month, monthly backups for the last year
MISSION CONTROL
Quickly view everything that’s working
To launch, swipe upwards with 3 fingers, or ctrl + up arrow
You can add additional desktops here
Keychain
MacOS Password manager
integrated into the OS so apps can use it
Everything is encrypted by your login
SPOTLIGHT
Find files, apps, and images
to access, click magnifying glass, or cmd + space
customize system preferences
FINDER
comparable to Windows File Explorer
launch, delete, rename, etc.
integrates with other services liek screen sharing and file servers
REMOTE DISC
Use an optical drive to share files, not intended for Audio or Movies
Setup sharing inside of system preferences
put in a CDrom and anyone on the network will be able to access that CDrom in Finder
DOCK
Basically windows taskbar
quickly access documents
customizable
apps that are running will have a dot under them
You cam keep folders in the dock as well
MacOS DISK UTILITY
monitor disk layout, and provide help to the disk itself
manage ISOs
FILEVAULT
full disk encryption
decryption uses iCloud authentication or a local key
proper authentication is reuired before macOS can start, data would be otherwise unavailable
system preferences, security and privacy, FileVault
TERMINAL
like windows command line for Mac
MacOS FORCE QUIT
Stop an app from executing,
command + option + escape, or hold option key while right clicking the app in the Dock
What is the linux version of the help cmd
the man command (short for manual, similar to /help)
What version of Linux was the demonstration on?
VIDEO IS ON UBUNTU OS
$ ls cmd
$ ls is similar to dir in windows, will list directories, may be color coded
How to get more results
$ ls -l | more (more will print one page of output at a time
What will ls
$ ls -l will list the permissions, the owner of the file, the group that the file is in, file size, and the date of the last update
$pwd
pwd print working directory displays current working directory path, useful when switching directories often or a lot of terminals are open.
$ mv sourcefile.txt destination.txt
rename a file or directory (in this case, sourcefile.txt would be renamed destination.txt)
$schmod
$chmod change the mode of a file system object
file owner-u, group-g, others-o, or all-a
mode can be r- read, w-write, or x-execute
octal for reading writing and executing on Linux
(follows binary pattern)
0-none - - -
1-execute only - - x
2-write only - w -
3-write and execute - w x
4-read only r - -
5-read and execute r - x
6-read and write r w -
7-read, write, and execute r w x
What would this mean in a Linux environment?
- rwx r- - r - -
- means simple file, could be a directory (d) or a symbolic link (s), etc.
1st bundle is user modes (permissions)
2nd bundle is group modes
3rd is other modes
How to change mode in linux?
$chmod and specify the change in mode as a 3 digit number and name of file
$ chmod 744 script.sh
What does $chmod a-w sample.txt mean?
$ chmod a-w sample.txt means we’re disabling the write function (-w) for all users (a)
What does $ chmod u+x sample.txt mean
$ chmod u+x sample.txt means we’re enabling the execute function (+x) for owner (u)
Best practice for correcting directory changes?
Always follow up with $ ls to ensure the correction changes were made to the directory
How to change file in Linux?
$ sudo chown to change file [owner:group] file
SUDO/SU (superuser) is for additional rights and permissions (admin/root/elevated permissions
$sudo vs. $su
$ sudo only affects one command
$ su would affect all subsequent commands until you use the exit command to return to a normal user
How to manage application packages?
$ apt-get advanced packaging tool handles management of application pkgs
Ex: install wireshark
$ sudo apt-get install wireshark
Redhat alternative to apt-get
REDHAT based Linux OSes may not have apt-get. instead:
$ yum yellowdog updater, modified (install, delete, update pkgs)
manages rpm (Redhat Package Manager)
How tonetwork interfaces in Linux?
$ ip manages the network interfaces
enable, disable, configure addresses, manage routes, ARP cache, etc.??
What does $ ip address do?
$ ip address view interface addresses
Whaat does $ ip route do?
$ ip route displays the ip routing table
What does $ sudo ip address do?
$ sudo ip address adds or modifies ip address associated with a network adapter
$ sudo ip address example
$ sudo ip address add 1.1.1.1/24 dev eth0
IP address/subnet mask device/adapter (name of adapter would be eth0)
127.0.0.1 is the loopback address?
What does $df show?
$ df diskfree view file systems and free space
default shows amt of space in 1k blocks
$df -h shows info in human readable values (GB,MB etc.)
$df list
shows size of disk partition, used space, and available space
How to find text in a file on Linux
$ grep pattern [file pathway] to find text in a file
What does $ ps do?
$ ps view the current processes and the PID (process ID), similar to windows task manager
$ ps -e, (use | more with this one???)
$ ps (and general large commands) navigation tools:
arrow up repeats command
space goes to the next page with the | more command
enter moves one line at a time with the | more command
q quits and sends you back to the terminal
What is bash?
bash is a Linux terminal process
What does $ top do?
$ top view CPU, RAM, and resource utilizations
top is the task manager for linux.
It shows what programs are running and what resources are being used
What are the intervals for a top command list?
List of loads are the 1, 5, and 15 minute intervals of the load
Why run man in $ top?
run man to see what other top commands there are to use. (you can kill processes somehow)
It refreshes every second, you can refresh at will with the enter key
$ find
$ find finds a file by name or extension
$find .
. means current folder
$ find . -name name.txt
To find a certain .txt file
How to find all files with a certain extension in Linux
$ find . -name “*.txt” (all files with that extension)
$ dig
$ dig to lookup from DNS servers for canonical names, IP addresses, cache timers, etc.
(domain information groper)
you can add dig to windows at isc. org/downloads/bind
Concatenating Linux files
$ cat file1.txt file2.txt concatenate 2 files into one, and input all the info to the screen
$ cat file1.txt file2.txt > both.txt (>prints everything that would show up on the screen to a dedicated file)
$ nano
$ nano full screen text editor is included with most Linux districutions and it’s easy to use
ctrl + o to write it out to, it confirms how many new lines have been added,
ctrl + x to go back to command prompt
you can install nano if it’s not included using apt-get or yum
Access Control Vestibule
all doors are usually locked. Opening one locks the other
Badge Reader
Readers can be Magnetic, RFID, or NFC
RFIDs have an antenna that runs the perimeter of the card, and a RFID chip with a unique identifier
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CCTV- closed circuit television
some cameras have object detection for License plates, faces, etc.
Most orgs have many different cameras that report back to a central monitoring facility
Alarm systems
Alarm systems are usually circuit based and are useful on the perimiter
can be prompted by duress or motion detection
DOOR LOCKS
conventional lock and key
Electronic locks
Deadbolt (metal in between door and frame)
Token (RFID, magnetic, etc.)
Biometric
Multi-function doors
EQUIPMENT LOCKS
Data center hardware is usually managed by different groups
racks hold equipment
Some racks are self contained,
some racks have protections that prevent entry to each unit in the rack
GUARDS AND ACCESS LISTS
security guards would check their access list for guests
approved guests hacve to wear a badge that says who they are, what they’re doing, and where they can and can’t be.
You might have to be registered in advance of your visit.
BARRICADES/BALLARDS
limits access and traffic
The very large flower pots are actually barricades that go INTO the ground
some might even have a moat
