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Y1 S1 M3 Anat Neuro > Nervous Tissue, spinal cord and spinal nerve (Chp.13-14) > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue, spinal cord and spinal nerve (Chp.13-14) Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system:
* Maintains ________ coordination with electrical or chemical
messages containing ________ and PNS
* CNS contains _____ & _______ while PNS is all the system except CNS
* PNS contains sensory and motor divisions, further dividing into ________ and ________ divisions.

A

internal; CNS; brain; spinal cord; somatic; visceral (內臟）Both sensory and motor have both divisions.

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2
Q

Sensory VS Motor:
* Sensory: sends signal to ______; bring sensation
* Motor: sends signals from CNS to _______ or _________ & bring response

Somatic VS Visceral:
* Somatic （身體的）: connect to ______, ________ & ___________.
* Visceral（內臟的）: connect to _________ & ____________.

A

CNS; gland; muscles; bone joint; skin; muscle; internal organs; involuntary muscles

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3
Q

Properties of neutrons:
* Basic __________
* Excitability: responsive to ___________
* Conductivity: transduce __________
* Secretion: secret __________ to stimulate
another neuron

A

functional unit; stimuli; signals; neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Neuron mainly contains cell body, ________, ________ and axons.

A

neurites; dendrites

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5
Q
  • Cell body: aka _______
    Neurofibrils: network within _______, maintain
    ________ of neuron
  • Neurites: _________ or ________
  • Dendrites: ________ signals from other cells
  • Axons: Conduction of signals to other cells
  • Usually enclosed in _________________
A

soma; soma; shape; axon; dendrites; receive; myelin sheath

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6
Q
  • Multipolar:
  • One _______ + >2 ________
  • Bipolar:
  • Two neurites from soma
  • One _______ + one ________
  • Unipolar:
  • _______ neurite from soma
  • Pseudounipolar: neurite branches to ______ neurites
A

axon; dendrites; axon; dendrite; one; two
Pseudo: 假性

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7
Q

I.2.2 Neuroglia
* A.k.a. Glia
* Protects neurons and aids their function
* Glia = Glue
* __________ neurons together via a framework
* Six types of glia in human
* CNS:
1. _________________
2. ___________ cells
3. ___________
4. ___________
* PNS:
1. __________ cells
2. __________ cells

A

Sticking; Oligodendrocyte; Ependymal; Microglia; Satellite; Schwann

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8
Q
  1. Oligodendrocyte:
    * ___________ body, >10 processes
    * The processes wrap axons in CNS, form the ____________
  2. Ependymal cells:
    * Resemble (像） ________________
    * Lining ________________ of brain and ______________ of the spinal cord
    * Produce ________________ in spinal cord and
    _____________
A

bullous; myelin sheath; cuboidal epithelium; internal cavities; central canal; cerebral spinal fluid; ventricles (腦的空位）

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9
Q
  1. Microglia
    * ________ cells in CNS
    * Phagocytic ____________
    * Remove dead tissue and foreign materials
    * Found in site with injury and infection
  2. Astrocytes
    * Most abundant glia
    * Many-branched, ________ shape
    * Functions: form _________________
    * Form __________ barrier,
    * restricting material transfer into ______, ________ neurons
    * Other functions: chemical balances, promote neuronal/synapse growth, etc
    （提供營養）
A

immune; macrophage; star-like; supportive framework; blood-brain; CNS; protect

血腦屏障=》選擇性地阻止某些物質進入大腦

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10
Q
  1. Schwann Cells
    * Envelop nerve fibers of _______ neurons, forming myelin sheath
    * Each Schwann cell wraps only on one myelin sheath
    * Assist in _____________________ in PNS
  2. Satellite cells
    * Surrounds soma of neurons at regions called _______
    * Ganglion: region at ________, where neuronal soma are located
    together
A

PNS; nerve regeneration; ganglion; PNS

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11
Q
  • Myelin sheath:
  • Insulating layer around nerve fiber
  • Formed by:
  • _______________ in CNS (one cell,
    __________ segments)
  • _________________ in PNS (one cell, _______
    segment)
  • Composed of protein and ________
  • Speed up nerve signal transduction
A

oligodendrocytes; several; Schwann cells; one; lipid

*Oligodendrocyte可以myelinate mulitiple axons in one cell，但係Schwann cells剩係可以myelinate一個segment in one cell。

ganglion=> a group of neurons

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12
Q

Synapse:
The meeting point between an neutron and another cells (e.g. neuron, muscule,
glandular cells)
* decide if a signal is passed to another cell
* Consists ___________ and postsynaptic neurons
* Forms of synapses:
* ___________: between axon and dendrites
* ___________: between axon and soma
* ____________: between axon and axon

A

presynaptic; axodendritic; axosomatic; axoaxonic

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13
Q

Two kinds of synapses:
* Chemical:
* With synaptic cleft
* release neurotransmitters
* Electrical:
* With _________________
* Allows __________ diffuse directly

A

gap junctions; ions

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14
Q

Chemical synapse:
* Cells separated by synaptic cleft
* ____________________(CAMs) connecting ____________________________________________________________
* Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles
Common neurotransmitters:
* _________________ (stimulate muscles)
* __________________ (stimulate organs)
* _______________ (excite neurotransmission)
* _____________________(GABA, inhibit neurotransmission)

A

Cell adhesion molecules; pre and postsynaptic membranes; Acetylcholine; Norepinephrine; Glutamate; Gamma-aminobutyric acid

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15
Q

Brain tumors:
* Usually due to uncontrolled proliferation of ______ cells, not neuron

Diseases of myelin sheath
-Multiple __________（硬化症）:
* degeneration of myelin sheath
* Deterioration of ______________
* May eventually become bedridden (臥床不起）

A

glial cells; sclerosis; oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

I.4.1 Spinal cord
* ‘’Information highway’’ connects the brain with lower body
* Four principal functions:
1. _____________: conducts information from/to the brain and
other body parts
2. _______________ : integrate information from multiple
sources
3. ______________: controls simple, repetitive muscle contraction
(by __________________________) (中樞模式發生器）
4. ___________: involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli

A

Conduction; Neural integration; Locomotion; Central pattern generators; reflexes
CPGs 是一種不需要傳感器反饋就能產生節律模式輸出的神經網絡

17
Q

I.4.2 Spinal cord: surface anatomy
* Cylinder of nervous tissue from brainstem
* Passes down the _____________
* In adult: 45cm long, 1.8 cm thick
* Gives rise to ___________ of spinal nerves

A

vertebral canal; 31 pairs

18
Q

I.4.2 Spinal cord: surface anatomy
* Divided into 4 regions: _________, ________, ________ & ________ (由上至下）
-Enlargement areas:
* Cervical enlargement: give rise to nerves for _____________
* Lumbosacral enlargement: gives rise to nerves to ____________ and __________
Cauda equina: (Situated in ____________)
* Similar to horse’s tail
* Innervates ___________________

A

Cervical; Thoracic; Lumbar; Sacral; upper limbs; pelvic region; lower limbs; lumbar; pelvic and lower limbs

19
Q

Spinal cord (and brain) are protected by membranes named meninges
1. Three layers of meninges:
* ___________ mater:
* Outermost layer
* _________ collagenous membrane
2. ____________ mater:
* _________ array of collagenous/elastic fibers
* _________________ filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
3. ____________ mater:
* _________, transparent membrane
* ___________ spinal cord to vertebral column at some regions

A

Dura; tough; arachnoid; looser; sub-arachnoid space; Pia; delicate; anchoring

20
Q

I.4.3 Spinal cord: cross-sectional anatomy
* Spinal cord consists gray matter and white matters
* Gray matter:
* ____-shaped
* Consists ___________, __________ horns
* Lateral horns at ________ and __________ regions
* ________________ joins right and left sides
* Central canal (space) in middle
* Spinal nerve branches and connects to the spinal cord via _________ and _________ roots

A

H; posterior; anterior; thoracic; lumbar; Grey commissure; dorsal; ventral

20
Q

-White matter:
* Surrounds gray matters
* Consists _________ of axons
* Divided into posterior, lateral and anterior _________

A

bundles; columns

21
Q
  • White matters in spinal cord form __________________
  • Types: Ascending tract:
  • __________________ up the cord to the brain
  • Descending tract: _________________ down to muscle/effectors
  • ____________ may be found in tracts
  • E.g. left brain sends motor commands to right side of body
A

spinal tracts; carry sensory information; carry motor impulses; decussation

22
Q

Ascending Tracts:
* Carry sensory signals up the spinal cord
-Typically has three neurons:
* First-order neuron: ______________, conduct signal to spinal cord
* Second-order neuron: continues to ______________;
* Third-order neuron: carries signal to ______________
* Spinothalamic tract :
* Carries signals for _________, ___________ & ___________

A

detect stimuli; thalamus; sensory cortex; pain; temperature; pressure

23
Q
  • Descending Tract:
  • Carry motor signals down the spinal cord
  • Typically involves two neurons:
  • Upper motor neuron: from _________ to lower part of spinal cord
  • Lower motor neuron: leads to muscle or organ
  • Example on right: ________ tract
A

cortex; corticospinal

24
Q

I.5.1 General anatomy of Nerves
* Nerve: A collection of numerous nerve fibres (axons) bound together
* ________ → Myelin→ _____neurium → _______neurium → _____neurium (Formation of nerve from inner to outer)
* _________: collection of axons
* _______: collection of fascicles
* Mixed nerve: with both _______ and _______ axons

A

Axon; Endo; Peri; Epi; Fascicles; Nerve; sensory; motor

25
Q
  • Spinal Nerves:
  • Nerve in connection with spinal
    cord
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves:
  • _ X cervical
  • _ X thoracic
  • _ X lumbar
  • _ X sacral
  • _ X coccygeal
A

8; 12; 5; 5; 1

26
Q
  • In each spinal cord segment, _________ rootlets emerge from anterior and posterior surface, converge to form ________ (anterior) root and
    ________ (posterior) roots respectively
  • The ventral and dorsal root then converge to form the ______________
  • Posterior root ganglion: collection of _________ neuron somas
A

6-8; ventral; dorsal; spinal nerve; sensory

27
Q
  • Spinal nerve branches after leaving the vertebral column:
  • Anterior ramus: innervate skin/muscles on
    _________ and _______ side
  • Posterior root: innervates skin/muscles on the ____________________
  • Meningeal branch: reenters ________________,
    innervate ___________, __________, ___________
A

anterior; lateral; back of the body; vertebral canal; meninges; vertebrae; spinal ligaments

28
Q

Nerve Plexuses: Anterior rami from spinal nerve
branch and merge repeatedly, forming a network of
nerve at particular regions:
* Cervical Plexus
* ________ Plexus
* Lumbar plexus
* Sacral plexus
* Coccygeal plexus

A

Brachial

29
Q
  • Cervical Plexus:
  • From spinal nerves ____ to _____
  • Innervate ________ and some ________ and __________
    muscles
  • Brachial Plexus:
  • From _____ to ______
  • Innervates _________ and some ______ and _______________
A

C1; C5; diaphragm; neck; back; C5; T1; upper limb; neck; shoulder muscles

30
Q
  • Lumbar Plexus:
  • From ______ to ______
  • Transduce sensory information from ______ or ____________, skin of ____________ region, ___________ region, _____________
  • Motor fibers innervate muscles of ______, ________ and _____________
  • Sacral and coccygeal plexus
  • From ____ to _____
  • Give rise to ______ nerve
A

L1; L4; hip; knee joints; genital; abdominal; lower limb; hip; thigh; scrotum; L4; S4; Sciatic

30
Q
  • Each spinal nerve (except ________) receives sensory input from specific skin areas
    called dermatome
  • ___________: indicates approximate
    areas innervated by corresponding spinal
    nerve
  • Same area may be innervated by ______
    spinal nerve
A

C1; Dermatome (皮節) map; 2-3

31
Q

Common clinical conditions
_________________________:
* Inflammation of the spinal meninges
________:
* Viral infection, usually from animal bites, spreads along the somatic
motor nerve to CNS and out via autonomic nerve fibers
* Seizures （癲癇）, coma （昏迷）, death

A

Spinal menigitis; Rabis

32
Q

Common clinical conditions
_____________:
* Pressure on sacral and coccygeal plexuses（壓住L4-S4）, pain radiating from __________________ to lower limb

A

Sciatica (坐骨神經痛）; gluteal regions

33
Q

Common clinical conditions
Shingles (帶狀疱疹):
* Viral infection (______________) with fluid-filled vesicles
* Virus travel down the sensory nerves by axonal transport
* May cause long-lasting intense pain

A

Varicella-zoster

Y1 S1 M3 Anat Neuro (7 decks)

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