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Y1 S1 M3 Anat Neuro > Brain and cranial nerves (Chp.15) > Flashcards

Brain and cranial nerves (Chp.15) Flashcards

1
Q

3 major proportions of brain:
_________, _________ & ___________

A

cerebrum; cerebellum; brainstem

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2
Q
  • Cerebrum:
  • 83% of brain volume
  • Has pair of half globes called
    ______________
  • Separated by longitudinal ___________
  • Connected by ____________________
    (bundle of nerve fibers)
  • ________: thick folds/elevations on
    cerebrum
  • __________: deep groove/depression
A

hemisphere; fissure; Corpus callosum; Gyrus; Sulcus

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3
Q

Cerebellum (Blue area):
* inferior, posterior to
cerebrum
* Separated from cerebrum
by _____________________
* 10% of brain volume

A

transverse cerebral
fissure

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4
Q

Brainstem (Green area):
* Essential for survival;
vital functions
* Consists sub-regions
* Continues as ____________
inferiorly

A

spinal cord

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5
Q

Gray matter in the brain:
* At outer surface of cerebrum (cortex)
* Nuclei: deeper masses, collection of ________________
* White matter in the brain:
* Bundle of axons
* Connecting brain to spinal cord, or within the cerebrums

A

neuronal soma

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6
Q

Three membranes
protect and provide
structures for the brain
* _____________, ____________ and _____________

A

dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater

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7
Q

Dura mater:
* Dense fibrous connective tissue
* Has two layers: ________ & ____________
* Periosteal layer: attached to _____________
* Meningeal layer: inner layer
Dural sinuses:
* space between the two dural layers (e.g. _____________________)
* Collect blood and empties into ______

A

periosteal ; meningeal; cranial bones; superior sagittal sinus; veins

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8
Q
  • In some areas, dura mater fold
    inward to separate major parts of
    brain
  • E.g. ___________ and ______________
    Arachnoid & pia mater:
  • Similar to spinal cord
  • Arachnoid mater:
  • Transparent
  • Over ____________ space, filled with CSF
  • Pia mater:
  • Delicate
  • Cover cerebrum
A

Falx cerebri; Falx cerebrelli; subarachnoid

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9
Q

Hollow space in the brain, filled with _____________________

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q
  • Ventricular system: 4 chambers (ventricles)
  • Lateral ventricles X 2: in each cerebral hemisphere
  • Third ventricle: connect to lateral ventricles via ______________________
  • Fourth ventricle: connect to third ventricle via
    ______________________
  • Fourth ventricle continues as central canal in
    spinal cord
  • On floor of ventricles, spongy mass of
    blood capillaries form _____________________,
    producing CSF
A

interventricular foramen; cerebral aqueduct; choroid plexus

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11
Q

Functions of CSF:
1. Provide ______________: prevent brain from collapse due to own weight
2. Protection: prevent brain from striking the cranium
3. Chemical stability: remove metabolic wastes, maintain chemical environment

A

buoyancy

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12
Q

Brain Barrier system (BBS)
* Gives protection to the brain by regulating substances
from blood stream into the brain
1. Blood-Brain barrier (BBB):
* _____________ contact blood capillaries, stimulates _______________________
between ____________________________
2. Blood-CSF barrier:
* Formed at ____________________ by ____________________ cells

A

Astrocytes; tight junctions; endothelial cells; choroid plexus; ependymal cells

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13
Q

II.2.1 Brainstem
Consists of
* ____________
* ____________
* __________________________

A

Midbrain; pons; medulla oblongata

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14
Q

The Medulla Oblongata
* Contains all nerve fibers travel between brain
and spinal cord
* ___________ pairs of cranial nerves (nerves directly
arise from the brain to peripheries)
* Several nuclei with basic physiological functions:
* ________________: regulate rate and force of heartbeat
* _________________: regulate blood pressure and vasoconstriction;
* _______________ centers: regulate rate and depth of breathing
* Others: speech, cough, sneezing, swallowing, etc

A

Four; cardiac centre; vasomotor centre; respiratory centre

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15
Q

On the surface:
* _____________: clublike ridges
* _________________________: separates
pyramids
Internal structures:
* Ascending and descending tracts:
e.g. _______________ and ________________ tracts
Nucleus
* E.g. ___________________________
* Fourth ventricle

A

Pyramids; Anterior median fissure; tectospinal; corticospinal; inferior olivary nucleus

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16
Q

The Pons:
* Rostral（吻端） to the medulla
* Has pair of __________________, connecting to the cerebellum
* 4 pairs of cranial nerves begin/end here
Internal structures:
* Continuation of ascending/descending tracts
e.g. ______________________
* Part of fourth ventricles

A

cerebellar peduncles; tectospinal tract

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17
Q

The midbrain
* ___________________________ passes through
* Colliculus:
* Superior: visual reflex (e.g. blinking) and visual attention (tracking moving objects)
* Inferior: transduce auditory info to the brain; auditory reflexes (e.g. _________________)

A

Cerebral aqueduct; startle reflex
當變換嬰兒的位置或姿勢時，便會出現出雙手迅速向外伸張，然後再復原作擁抱狀。

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18
Q

Internal structures:
* _________________________: awareness of pain
* ___________________: motor center, improves motor performance by suppressing unwanted movements

A

Central /periaqueductal gray; Substantia nigra

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19
Q

Cerebellum
* Motor coordination center
* Consists two hemispheres,
connected by _________ (narrow
wormlike bridge)
* _______ = gyri (腦迴) on cerebrum
* Connect to:
* Medulla via ________ peduncles
* Pons via _________ peduncles
* Midbrain via _________ peduncles
* Internal structures:
* _________________: white matter
* Specific types of neurons: ____________ cells
and ____________ cells

A

vermis; folia; inferior; middle; superior; Arbor vitae; granule; Purkinje

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20
Q
  • Highly important in motor coordination
  • Involved in:
  • Learning motor skills
  • Maintain muscle tone and posture
  • Coordinates eye and body movement
  • Coordinate complex actions
  • Received info from ___________ and _______________; compare planned and actual movement, send feedback to
    _______________
A

cerebrum; joints; cerebrum

20
Q

Thalamus
* Oval shape, separate into right and left
parts
* Consists of 23 nuclei
* Gateway to the _____________: almost all
sensory input passes by
* E.g. vision, hearing, somatosensory function
* Relays signals from _____________ to
cerebrum
* Also involved in memory and emotion as
_______ system

A

cerebral cortex; cerebellum; limbic

20
Q

Reticular formation
* Loosely organized gray matter, runs vertically through brainstem
* Functions:
* Somatic motor control: adjust muscle tone, balance, posture via _________________________
* Work with cerebellum for motor
coordination
* Cardiovascular control
* _______________________: regulate/block pain signal to the brain
* Sleep and consciousness: control
state of consciousness
* ___________________: ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli

A

reticulospinal tract; pain modulation （疼痛調節）; Habituation (習慣化）

21
Q
  • ______________: most _________ (吻端) part of brainstem; part of forebrain
  • Consists: Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
A

Diencephalon; rostral

21
Q

The epithalamus
* Epithalamus: _______________ + ____________
* ______________: secrets melatonin, regulate sleep and consciousness

A

Pineal gland; habenula; Pineal gland

22
Q

The Hypothalamus
* Walls and floor of the ______ ventricle
* Connected to the thalamus via _____________
* Very important in regulation of endocrine system and autonomic nervous system
* Functions:
* Produce and secret hormones:
* Regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, etc.
* Autonomic effects:
* Influence brainstem functions
e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, digestive function, etc
* Thermoregulation
* Regulate appetite
* Emotion, reproductive response, memory, etc.

A

third; infundibulum;

22
Q

Functions of the 5 lobes:
* ___________: For higher cognitive functions
* ___________: For sensation
* ___________: For vision
* ___________: For hearing, smell, etc
* ___________: for taste, visceral sensation.

A

Frontal; Parietal; Occipital; Temporal; Insula

23
Q

Gross anatomy of cerebrum
* Extensive folding (gyri) to greatly increase surface area to house neurons
* Surface of cerebrum divided into 5 lobes:
* Frontal: anterior, superior part of the
brain.
* Parietal: separate from frontal by central
sulcus.
* Occipital: caudal part. Separated from parietal lobe by ________________________.
* Temporal: lateral, separated from parietal lobe by ________________________.
* Insula: deep to the __________.

A

parieto-occipital sulcus; lateral sulcus

24
Q

White matter in the cerebrum
* Projection tracts:
* Extend vertically, between brain and spinal cord centers
* Examples: _________________ tract: carry motor commands to spinal cord
* _________________ tracts:
* Cross from one hemisphere to the other
* E.g.
* _________________: largest tract
* Anterior and posterior commissures
* Association tracts:
* Connect different regions in same
hemisphere

A

Corticospinal; Commissural; Corpus callosum;

25
Q
  • Limbic system:
  • Center of _________ and __________
  • Consists:
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Cingulate gyrus
  • _______________:
  • Receives input from vision, taste,
    smell, etc
  • Important for association of
    sensation to emotion
  • Sense of fear: no __________, no fear
A

emotion; learning; Amygdalal; amygdala

26
Q

Basal nuclei:
* Later to thalamus, a.k.a. basal ganglia
* Consists:
* Caudate nucleus
* Putamen
* Globus pallidus
* Involved in ________________
* Planning and execution of movement
* Sends feedback of action to _____________

A

motor control; motor cortex

27
Q
  • Primary cortex:
  • Cerebrum regions connect directly with sensory or motor neurons
  • i.e. with third order neurons or upper motor neurons
  • Association cortex:
  • Regions involved in integrative functions
  • E.g. interpretation of sensory input
  • Planning motor output
  • Cognitive processes, etc
  • May receive input from multiple senses and integrate these
  • E.g. ____________
A

prefrontal cortex

28
Q

Higher functions and structures of the cerebrum
* Special senses:
* Include taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium and vision
* Signals from sense organs/receptors are firstly sent to ______________________________
* Then signals are relayed to nearby association area, where sensation is integrated with memory and interpreted

A

primary sensory cortex

29
Q

General/somatosensory senses
* General senses include touch, pressure,
stretch, temperature, pain, which are
received by skin receptors
* Sensory signals sent via ascending tracts
to ______________ side of thalamus, then
to _______________________, a.k.a. primary
somatosensory cortex
* Signals relayed to association area, for
interpretation

A

contralateral; postcentral gyrus

30
Q
  • ____________________________:
  • A diagram showing which cortex
    receive general sensation from
    particular body areas
  • The more ______________ for a body
    part, the much _______________________
  • i.e. _____ and ______ are much
    sensitive than _____ and _________________.
A

Sensory homunculus; cortex area; innervated and
sensitive; hand and face; trunk and lower
limbs

31
Q

Motor control
* Intention to move begins in ____________________________ area
* Neurons compile a program for the muscle
movement for an action
* Then the program transmitted to
_________________________ /__________________ area
* Motor commands then being sent to
brainstem and spinal cord for carrying out

A

motor association; precentral gyrus; primary motor area;

32
Q
  • Motor _______________ shows amount and
    region of cortex for motor action of body
    parts
  • Amount of cortex in proportion to
    number of muscles/motor units; more
    innervation, more complex movement
    can be made
  • I.e. action of _______ is much complex than
    ____________________________
A

homunculus; hand; the trunk and feet

33
Q

Language
* Integration of sensory and motor functions
*_________________:
* _________________________; receive auditory, visual and
other sense information
* recognition of spoken and written language
* Formulate phrases; send to _____________
* Broca’s area:
* Motor association area: generate motor program for
muscles of larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips
* Transduce signal to _____________________________________ for execution

A

Wernicke’s area; sensory association area; Broca’s area; primary motor cortex

34
Q

Cranial Nerves
* The brain mainly communicates with other body
parts via spinal cord and spinal nerves
* Cranial nerves:
* Directly arise from the brain and brainstem
* _____ pairs in total

A

12

35
Q
  • To remember the order and name of cranial nerves,
    a useful mnemonic:
  • Take initial letter from the nerve
  • OOO TT A Fa Ve Glo Va AH
  • Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal,
    vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
A
36
Q
  • To remember function of Cranial nerves, better classify
    first
  • Cranial nerves classified as Predominantly
  • Sensory (_____________),
  • Motor (_____________________) or
  • Mixed (_______________)
A

I, II, VIII; III, IV, VI, Xi, XII; V, VII, IX, X

37
Q

Cranial nerves: Sensory nerves I, II, VIII
* Name: _____________________:
* Function: sense of smell
* Nerve with olfactory receptors
* Origin/termination:
* Olfactory __________ to olfactory _________

A

Olfactory nerve (I); mucosa; bulbs

38
Q
  • Name: _____________
  • Function: Vision
  • Origin/termination: ________ Thalamus/midbrain
A

Optic Nerve (II); Retina

39
Q
  • Name: ____________________________
  • Function: (sensory): hearing & equilibrium
  • Origins: cochlea, vestibule and semicircular ducts of inner ear
  • Termination: medulla and pons (sensory); outer hair cells (motor)
A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII);

40
Q

Cranial nerves: Motor III, IV, VI
* CN III, IV and VI are for eye movements
* Origin:
* III: Midbrain
* IV: midbrain
* VI: pons
* Termination (extra orbital muscles):
* III: extra orbital muscles (superior, midal and inferior rectus,
inferior oblique)
* IV: superior oblique
* VI: lateral rectus

A
41
Q

Cranial nerves: Motor XI, XII
* Name: Accessory Nerve (XI); Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
* Functions:
* XI: _________________; __________________________________
* XII: Tongue movement for ___________, food ______________________ and _________________
* Origins:
* Medulla Oblongata
(XI: also with spinal nerves __________)
* Terminations:
* XI: Palate; pharynx; trapezius and ____________________ muscles (head and neck muscles)
* XII: muscles of tongues

A

Swallowing; head/neck/shoulder movements; speech; manipulation; swallowing; C1 – C6; sternocleidomastoid

42
Q

Cranial Nerves: Mixed (V, VII, IX, X)
* Name: _______________
* Divisions: V1, V2, V3
* Functions:
* V1: General sensation from ____________
* V2: General sensation from ____________
* V3: Same as V1 and V2, lower on face; ____________
* Origins;
* V1: ________ region of face; nasal mucosa, etc
* V2: ________ region of face; nasal mucosa etc
* V3: ________ region of face; tongue (sensory); Pons(motor)
* Terminations:
* V1 and V2: Pons
* V3: Pons (sensory); muscles for mastication

A

Trigeminal Nerve (V); upper face; lower face; mastication; Superior; middle; Inferior

43
Q
  • Name: _________________
  • Functions:
  • Sensory: taste
  • Motor: facial expression; secrete tears saliva, nasal/oral mucus
  • Origins:
  • Sensory: taste buds, anterior two-thirds of tongue
  • Motor: pons
  • Termination:
  • Sensory: thalamus
  • Motor: muscles for mastication, facial expression, glands for saliva/tear/mucus secretion
A

Facial Nerve (VII)

44
Q
  • Name: ___________________________
  • Functions:
  • Sensory: general senses of tongue and outer ear,
    gagging (______________)
  • Motor: salivation, swallowing
  • Origins:
  • Sensory: pharynx, ear, tongue
  • Motor: medulla
  • Termination:
  • Sensory: medulla
  • Motor: salivary gland; muscle dilates pharynx
A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX); afferent fiber

45
Q
  • Name: ________________
  • Function:
  • Sensory: taste, sense of hunger, gastrointestinal discomfort
  • Motor: swallowing, speech, heart rate regulation, broncho constriction
  • Origins:
  • Sensory: internal organs; tongue; pharynx, etc
  • Motor: medulla
  • Termination:
  • Sensory: medulla
  • Motor: tongue, pharynx and larynx, internal
A

Vagus Nerve (X)

Y1 S1 M3 Anat Neuro (7 decks)

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