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HISTOLOGY LAB > Nervous Tissue Lab > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Lab Flashcards

1
Q

It is made up of closely packed cells that are separated by very little amount of intercellular substance

A

Nervous tissue

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2
Q

Nervous tissue arises from embryonic ________

A

ectoderm

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3
Q

The nervous tissue in the body is organized to comprise the __________

A

Nervous system

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4
Q

Nervous system is anatomically divided into two divisions:

A

1.) Central nervous system (CNS)
2.) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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5
Q

CNS refers to the _______ and _______.

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

True or False: PNS relates to other nervous tissue in the body.

A

True

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7
Q

The cells of nervous tissue consists of:

A

1.) Neurons (nerve cells)
2.) Supporting cells (neuroglial cells or glial cells

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8
Q

are the functional units of nervous tissue that perform all functions of the tissue, they are highly specialized cells that exhibit irritability and conductivity to a high degree

A

Neurons

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9
Q

are the most morphologically variable cell type in the body

A

Neurons

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10
Q

characterized the ventral gray matter of the spinal cord and the motor nuclei of the brain stem

A

stellate neurons

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11
Q

neurons that are present in the cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal neurons

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12
Q

flask-shaped neurons that give off a dendrite which arborizes like a tree are seen in the middle layer of the cerebellar cortex

A

Purkinje cells

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13
Q

A neuron consists of a cell body called

A

perikaryon or soma

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14
Q

Neurons are of two kinds of processes:

A

1.) axon
2.) dendrite

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15
Q

________ are terminally differentiated cells that are incapable of cell division

A

Neurons

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16
Q

True or False: axons and dendrites can regenerate when damaged, provided the cell body is intact

A

True

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17
Q

cell membrane of the nervous tissue is known as

A

neurolemma

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18
Q

cytoplasm of the nervous tissue is known as

A

neuroplasm

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19
Q

deeply basophilic, granular masses parts of the neuron’s rER

A

Nissl bodies

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20
Q

are abundant throughout the perikaryon and are found in dendrites, but they are notably absent in the axon and axon hillock

A

Nissl bodies

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21
Q

the area of the perikaryon where the axon originates

A

axon hillock

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22
Q

help in preventing the degeneration of the neuron by not allowing the accumulation of strong oxidizing agents and by playing a role in detoxifying noxious substances

A

peroxisomes

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23
Q

True or False: Centrosome of a neuron is atypical because it does not contain centrioles, but it is the source of the microtubules that the cells need.

A

True

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24
Q

are present in nerve cells of the substantia nigra of the midbrain, the locus coeruleus near the fourth ventricle, and the spinal and sympathetic ganglia

A

Melanin granules

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25
Q

are present in the neurons in the globus pallidus

A

Iron granules

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26
Q

cytoskeleton of neurons is formed by three types of fibrillar elements, collectively referred to as

A

neurofibrils

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27
Q

Three types of fibrillar elements

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
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28
Q

are present in all neurons but are particularly well-developed in large ones and it extend into the axon and the dendrites

A

Neurofibrils

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29
Q

are the finest of the fibrillar elements in neurons and are made up of the fibrillar type of actin (F-actin) that consists of two strands of helically-arranged, polymerized G-actin filaments

A

Microfilaments

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30
Q

provide internal support for the cell and fix the diameter of dendrites and axons

A

Neurofilaments

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31
Q

microtubules in neurons often referred as

A

neurotubules

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32
Q

provide internal support for the neurons and strengthen synapses

A

neurotubules

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33
Q

_______ conducts impulses away from the cell body

A

axon

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34
Q

_______ carries impulses towards the cell body

A

dendrites

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35
Q

only one process, an axon is present, and it exists in early embryonic life but is rarely present in adults

A

Unipolar

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36
Q

a single process, morphologically an axon, leaves the body, but soon bifurcates, neurons are exemplified by sensory neurons that are present in the craniospinal ganglia

A

pseudounipolar

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37
Q

a processes when a single dendrite and an axon at opposite poles of the cell body

A

bipolar

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38
Q

a processes when numerous dendrites are present (most neurons are of this type)

A

multipolar

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39
Q

A type of neurons that receive and transmit stimuli to the CNS

A

Sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

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40
Q

A type of neurons that transmit impulses from the CNS to effector cells

A

Motor neurons (efferent neurons)

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41
Q

A type of neurons that convey impulse from one neuron to another

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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42
Q

provide most of the receptive surface of the neuron

A

Dendrite

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43
Q

cytoplasm of axon

A

axoplasm

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44
Q

is usually more slender than a dendrite but is typically longer

A

axon

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45
Q

the longest axons in the human body are those that form the _______

A

sciatic nerve

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46
Q

An axons forms small, rounded swellings called

A

boutons (terminals)

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47
Q

An axonal transport that involves movement of substances from the perikaryon to the axon

A

anterograde

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48
Q

An axonal transport that involves the transport of substances from axon terminals to the perikaryon

A

retrograde

49
Q

All axons are enveloped by a sheath of cells called

A

neurilemmal sheath

50
Q

In PNS neurilemmal sheath is more commonly called

A

Schwann sheath

51
Q

Schwann sheath is formed by flattened cells with flattened nuclei called

A

Schwann cells

52
Q

The points of discontinuity between successive Schwann cells are referred to as

A

Nodes of Ranvier

53
Q

larger axons in the PNS are enveloped by a material that is highly refractile in fresh specimen but black in tissues fixed with osmium tetroxide

A

Myelin

54
Q

The structure that forms around the axon, which lies internal to the Schwann sheath, is called

A

Myelin sheath

55
Q

True or False: in CNS, there is no Schwann cells

A

True

56
Q

In the CNS, the functions of the Schwann cells are performed by cells called

A

Oligodendrocytes

57
Q

In the PNS, every nerve fiber is enveloped by some amount of connective tissue that is referred to as

A

endoneurium

58
Q

True or False: In the CNS, nerve fibers are invested by connective tissue.

A

False

59
Q

Is a point of contact between a neuron and another cell, the site of transmission of a nerve impulse which can either be excitatory or inhibitory in nature

A

synapse

60
Q

it allows neurons to communicate with each other or with effector cells and accomplish their integration and control functions

A

synapse

61
Q

Synapses are categorized into two types:

A
  1. electrical
  2. chemical
62
Q

these synapses occur rarely and they exists between some neurons in the brain stem, retina, and cerebral cortex

A

Electrical synapses

63
Q

Electrical synapses consists of ________ that are similar to those found in between epithelial and other cells in which enable neighboring neurons to communicate with each other by allowing adjacent cells to exchange molecules and small ions

A

gab junctions

64
Q

these synapses are more common and in fact most synapses that neurons make are of this type

A

chemical synapses

65
Q

In a chemical synapses, the nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another cell by means of chemical substances called

A

neurotransmitter

66
Q

At present, there are about ____ known neurotransmitters

A

50

67
Q

The neuron that communicates the impulse in a chemical synapse is called

A

presynaptic neuron

68
Q

The cell or neuron that receives the impulse is called

A

postsynaptic neuron

69
Q

The part of the presynaptic neuron that participates in a synapse is usually an ______

A

axon terminal (bouton)

70
Q

axolemma of presynaptic neuron is thickened and is referred to as

A

presynaptic membrane

71
Q

cell membrane of postsynaptic cell is called

A

postsynaptic membrane

72
Q

The presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are separated by a small gap called the

A

synaptic cleft

73
Q

The presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane comprise a _______

A

synapse

74
Q

the axon of a neuron synapses with a dendrite or a perikaryon of another neuron, forming ________ and __________

A

axodendritic and axosomatic synapses

75
Q

the axon of a neuron synapses with the axon of another neuron to form an _________

A

axoaxonic synapse

76
Q

are cells that protect neurons; aid them in performing their functions by creating and maintaining an appropriate environment where neurons can carry out their function; and play a role in neural nutrition

A

Neuroglial cells

77
Q

In the CNS, there are four types of neuroglial cells:

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells
78
Q

In the PNS, there are two types of neuroglial cells:

A
  1. Schwann cells
  2. satellite cells
79
Q

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are sometimes collectively referred to as

A

macroglia

80
Q

the neuroglial cells, except microglia, arise from _______

A

embryonic ectoderm

81
Q

microglia evidently arise from ________

A

embryonic mesoderm

82
Q

True or False: Neuroglial cells have the capacity to divide by mitosis

A

True

83
Q

are the largest and most abundant of the neuroglial cells, they are star-shaped and have numerous, branching processes

A

Astrocytes

84
Q

a type of neuroglial cells that form scar tissue in damaged areas

A

Astrocytes

85
Q

are smaller, have fewer and shorter process than astrocytes, have scanty cytoplasm, nucleus usually ovoid or spherical

A

Oligodendrocytes

86
Q

are smaller than astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and are distributed throughout the CNS, it nuclei are small and elongated while its cytoplasm is scanty and contains many lysosomes

A

Microglia

87
Q

are phagocytes that remove cellular debris from sites of injury or normal cell turnover

A

Microglia

88
Q

_________ cells comprise the simple cuboidal epithelium that lines the cavities of the CNS, it possess short cilia and microvilli

A

Ependymal cells

89
Q

cells that form the neurilemmal and myelin sheaths or peripheral nerves

A

Schwann cells

90
Q

are small, flattened cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons that are in ganglia, they are the PNS counterparts of astrocytes

A

Satellite cells

91
Q

It is an extraordinary complex but highly integrated communication network that receives, stores, processes, and sends out voluminous amounts of information simultaneously and instantaneously.

A

Nervous System

92
Q

True or False: the CNS has no connective tissue stroma, hence, the nervous tissue comprises brain and the spinal cord is soft and jelly-like

A

True

93
Q

Internal to the bony structures that protect the brain and spinal cord are further protected by enveloping membranes called _______ made up of connective tissue

A

meninges

94
Q

There layers of the Meninges:

A
  1. dura mater or pachymeninx
  2. arachnoid membrane
  3. pia mater
95
Q

the outermost layer of meninges that is firm and made up of dense collagenous connective tissue

A

dura mater / pachymeninx

96
Q

the middle layer of meninges

A

arachnoid membrane

97
Q

the innermost membrane layer of meninges that is closely applied to the brain

A

pia mater

98
Q

protects the central nervous system by acting as a water cushion and plays an important role in the metabolism of nervous tissue

A

CSF

99
Q

CSF is regularly drained into the venous side of the circulation via specialized areas of the arachnoid membrane called

A

arachnoid villi

100
Q

The ______ plexus are the chief sources of CSF. Located on the roof of the third and fourth ventricles of the brain and in parts of the wall of the two lateral ventricles

A

choroid plexus

101
Q

the ependyma of the choroid plexus acts as a __________

A

blood-CSF barrier

102
Q

In the CNS, neurons that have long axons that leave either the CNS or the gray matter and terminate at some distance in another part of the gray matter are termed ________

A

Golgi type I neurons

103
Q

Neurons that have relatively short axons that do not leave the region of the gray matter where their cell bodies lie are called ______

A

Golgi type II neurons

104
Q

The __________ keeps the nerve fibers within the fascicle together

A

perineurium

105
Q

Nerves whose cell bodies are in the brain are called

A

cranial nerves

106
Q

Nerves whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord are called

A

spinal nerves

107
Q

There are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs or spinal nerves

108
Q

The terminations of nerves in epithelial, connective, and muscles tissues are called

A

nerve endings

109
Q

consists of the naked leaf-like terminal of an axon that is in contact with a Merkel cell

A

Merkel discs

110
Q

are made up of naked axon terminals enclosed by a lamellated connective tissue capsule

A

Encapsulated nerve endings

111
Q

the largest of the sensory nerve endings

A

Vater-Pacinian corpuscles

112
Q

is a small, spindle-shaped structure seen in the dermis of the skin, tendons, and ligaments. It consists of bulb-like expansions of the terminal branches of a naked axon that are enclosed by a very thin connective tissue capsule

A

Ruffini’s corpuscle

113
Q

encapsulated nerve endings that are found in the conjunctiva and mucous membrane of the lips, dermis, glans penis, and clitoris

A

End bulbs of Krause

114
Q

The ______ corpuscle is seen in the dermis of the skin of the fingers, toes, palms, and soles. It is smaller than a Vater-Pacinian corpuscle

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

115
Q

this nerve endings are responsible for transmitting the stimulus that commands muscle fibers to contract and glandular cells to secrete

A

Motor nerve endings

116
Q

The ____________ nervous system responds to impending danger or stress. It is responsible for the increase of one’s heartbeat and blood pressure, sense of excitement, and other physiological changes that occur in “flight or fight” situations.

A

Sympathetic nervous system

117
Q

The ___________ nervous system is called upon during resting and relaxing situations. It is responsible for things such as contraction of the pupil, slowing of heart rate, and dilation of the blood vessels.

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

118
Q

The _______ nervous system is responsible for regulating the activities of the digestive tract.

A

Enteric nervous system

HISTOLOGY LAB (4 decks)

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