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A&P Lecture notecards > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 basic steps of nervous system function

A

sensory function, interpretation, and motor response

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2
Q

What are the support cells of the nervous system

A

neuroglia

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3
Q

What are the 2 main subdivision of the Nervous system

A

CNS-central nervous system, & PNS-peripheral nervous system

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4
Q

These cells play a major role in support and nutrition of the brain, but they do not manipulate info

A

Neuroglia (glial cells)

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5
Q

These cells maintain the internal environment so that neurons can do their jobs

A

neuroglia (glial cells)

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6
Q

The PNS is further divided into 3 addtl parts

A

Somatic Nervous System (SNS) Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Enteric Nervous System (ENS)

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7
Q

What does the PNS consist of

A

all nervous tissue outside the CNS, including nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors

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8
Q

These neurons that convey info from sensory receptors in the head, body wall and limbs towards the CNS

A

Afferent Neurons which is the Somatic sensory

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9
Q

These neurons conduct impulses away from the CNS towards the skeletal muscles under volutary control in the periphery

A

Efferent neurons, part of the somatic motor

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10
Q

These are part of the SNS and are any neurons that conduct impusles between afferent and efferent neurons within the CNS

A

Interneurons

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11
Q

The SNS consist of 3 neuron categories, they include

A

Somatic sensory neurons, somatic mostor neurons and interneurons

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12
Q

The ANS consists of 2 groups of neurons, please list

A

sensory neurons and motor neurons

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13
Q

these neurons convey info from autonomic sensory receptors located in visceral organs like the stomach or lungs to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

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14
Q

these neurons are under involutary control and conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

A

Motor neurons

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15
Q

The motor part of the ANS consists of two branches, which are

A

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

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16
Q

This division of the nervous system involutarily controls GI propulsion, and acid hormonal secretions.

A

ENS-the brain of the gut!!

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17
Q

These are small masses of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord, they are closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves

A

Ganglia

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18
Q

These are the messengers of the nervous system, forming complex processing networks within the brain and spinal cord

A

neurons

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19
Q

List the parts of the neuron

A

cell body, axon, dendrites and axon terminals

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20
Q

These are short, highly branched structures that conduct impulses toward the cell body. They are the receiving end of the neuron

A

dendrites

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21
Q

another name for the neuron of the cell body

A

soma

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22
Q

The cell body does not include a …….. for mitosis, what is it

A

organell

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23
Q

these conduct impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or effector cell

A

axon

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24
Q

What joins the axon and cell body

A

axon hillock

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25
Q

what is the part at the start of the axon

A

initial segment

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26
Q

this is between the axon hillock and initial segment.

A

trigger zone

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27
Q

This is the part of the axon where the NERVE impulse STARTS

A

trigger zone

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28
Q

An axon (and collaterals) ends by dividing into many fine processes called what

A

axon terminals

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29
Q

The tips of the axon are called what

A

synaptic end bulbs

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30
Q

some synaptic end bulbs have bumps these are called what

A

varicosities

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31
Q

communication between 2 neurons or between a neuron and another effector cell is called what

A

synapse

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32
Q

the presynaptic neurons contain many tiny membrane-enclosed sacs called what

A

synaptic vesicles

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33
Q

synaptic vesicles store what

A

neurotransmitters

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34
Q

what makes all the proteins needed in the axon

A

the cell body

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35
Q

carrying materials from the cell body to the axon terminals and back is called what

A

a transport system

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36
Q

there are two types of transport systems in the neuron, what are they called

A

slow axonal transport and fast axonal transport

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37
Q

this transport system sends new axoplasm in one directional only

A

slow axonal transport

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38
Q

forward direction in slow axonal transport is called what

A

anterograde

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39
Q

this transport system moves materials in anterograde and retrograde directions using microtubules and motor proteins

A

fast axonal transport

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40
Q

backward direction in the transport system is called what

A

retrograde

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41
Q

What can invade fast retrograde transport in the nervous system

A

pathogens

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42
Q

Give examples of pathogens that disrupt the nervous system

A

herpes simplex, rabies and polio, tetnus

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43
Q

classifying neurons based on the number of processes extending from the cell body

A

structural classifications

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44
Q

This neuron has several dendrites and only one axon, most neurons are this structural type

A

multipolar structure

45
Q

this neuron has one main dendrite and one axon, classify it’s structure

A

bipolar structure

46
Q

These neurons assist with site, smell and hearing/balance what is their structure

A

bipolar structure

47
Q

these neurons are located throughout the spinal cord and brain, what is their structure

A

multipolar structure

48
Q

These neurons contain one process which extends from the body and divides into a central branch that functions as an axon and as a dentritic root, what is the neuron structure

A

unipolar structure (pseudounipolar)

49
Q

Most sensory neurons are what structure

A

unipolar structure

50
Q

The interneurons that process, store, retrieve info and make decisions are what structure

A

multipolar structure

51
Q

Motor (efferent) send signals from the CNS to effectors usually muscles and glands what neuron structure are these

A

multipolar

52
Q

These support neurons in many ways two examples of this are they form the blood-brain barrier and form the myelin sheath around axons, what are they

A

neuroglia

53
Q

These support neurons in many ways, some examples of this are they participate in phagocytosis and they make the CSF that circulates around the brain and spinal cord

A

neuroglia

54
Q

This is the process of forming a myelin sheath which insulates and increases nerve impulse speed

A

myelination

55
Q

what forms the myelin sheath

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

56
Q

These are gaps in the myelin sheath and are called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

57
Q

What increases the speed of nerve conduction on the neuroglia

A

myelin sheath

58
Q

A disease that destroys the myelin

A

MS

59
Q

this is found in the brain and spinal cord and is formed from aggregations of myelinated axons from many neurons

A

white matter

60
Q

what gives the myelin it’s white appearance

A

lipid

61
Q

this is found in the brain and spinal cord and is formed from neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

A

gray matter

62
Q

Neurons communicate with one another using 2 types of electrical signals called what

A

graded potentials and action potentials

63
Q

this is used in neurons for short distance communication only

A

graded potentials

64
Q

this communication in neurons allows communication over long distances iwthin the body

A

action potentials

65
Q

Producing electrical signals in neurons depends on the existence of a RMP, what is this

A

resting membrane potential

66
Q

This is similar to the electrical potential between battery terminals to another

A

RMP-Resting Membrane potential-electric signal in neurons

67
Q

A cells RMP is created using ion gradients and ……. …….

A

ion channels

68
Q

these are present in the plasma membrane of all cells in the body but they are an epecially prominent component of the nervous system

A

ion channels

69
Q

all the energy expended by neurons is used to create what

A

a net negative charge inside vs outside the cell

70
Q

When ion channels are open, they allow ions to move across the plasma membrane down their

A

electrochemical gradient

71
Q

How do ions move in relation to the electrochemical gradient

A

ions move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

72
Q

What are the 3 types of active, gated channels

A

Ligand-gated, voltage-gated, and mechanically-gated

73
Q

A “gated” electric signal in neurons describes what specifically

A

Active channels open in response to a stimulus

74
Q

these gated channels respond to neurotransmitters and are mainly concentrated at the synapse

A

ligand-gated

75
Q

these gated channels respond to changes in the transmembrane electrical potential and are mainly located along the neuronal axon

A

Voltage-gated

76
Q

These gated channels respond to mechanical deformation (applying pressure to a receptor)

A

Mechanically-gated

77
Q

These channels are also gated but they are not active, and open and close randomly

A

Leakage

78
Q

When is the neurons RMP measured

A

when it is not conducting a nerve impulse

79
Q

Why does the resting membrane potential exist

A

because of small buildup of neg ions in the cytosol, & buildup of pos ion in the extracellular fluid

80
Q

where does the buildup of charge occur

A

very close to the membrane of the cell

81
Q

where in the cell is the cytosol neutral

A

everywhere else except close to the membrane

82
Q

Why is RMP slightly negative

A

Due to unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol

83
Q

A cell that exhibits a RMP is said to be what?

A

POLARIZED

84
Q

When the cell is polarized or “primed” it is ready to produce?

A

An action potential

85
Q

In order for a cell to produce an action potential what must be produced

A

graded or local potentials must be produced in order to “depolarize” the cell

86
Q

A stimulus that causes the cell to be less neg charged w/respect to the extracellular fluid is what

A

A depolarizing graded potential

87
Q

A stimulus that causes the cell to be more neg charged is a what

A

hyperpolarizing graded postential

88
Q

These are voltage variable and can be added together or cancel each other out

A

Graded Potentials

89
Q

Graded potentials occur mainly where

A

dendrites and cell body

90
Q

Do graded potentials travel down the axon

A

NO!!!

91
Q

This is impusle/signal which travels the length of the axon

A

Action Potential

92
Q

a full strength nerve impulse is produced and spreads down the axon of the neuron to the axon terminals, this means the neuron has received what?

A

a threshold stimulus

93
Q

If the stimulus is not strong enough, a subthreshold stimulus what happens

A

no nerve impulse will result

94
Q

What is another name for the “all-or-none-principle that occurs during action potential impulses

A

Threshold stimulus

95
Q

What are the two main phases of Action Potentials

A

depolarizing and repolarizing

96
Q

When sodium rushes into the cell, what is the change in the charge

A

more positive ++++++

97
Q

During repolarization, potassium rushes outward, what happens to the charge

A

more negative charge will result

98
Q

What is the membrane potential resting level

A

-70mV

99
Q

After the threshold point, during which a cell cannot generate another AP is called

A

absolute refractory period

100
Q

This is a period of time during which a 2nd action potential can be initiated, by only by a larger-than-normal stimulus

A

Relative refractory period

101
Q

How does the current continue to travel (2 ways)

A

continuous conduction and saltatory conduction

102
Q

this is where the current continues to travel in myelinated axons, and the AP jumps from one note to the next

A

Saltatory conduction

103
Q

The speed of AP propagation (current travel) depends on 3 factors

A

amt of myelination, axon diameter and temperature

104
Q

What axon fiber is the largest

A

A fibers

105
Q

What axon fibers are the smallest

A

C fibers

106
Q

This is a one way transfer from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic neuron

A

signal transmission at the synapse

107
Q

the intensity of graded potentials in the postsynaptic cell is controlled by what

A

how much neurotransmitter is released

108
Q

In a simple way, explain how synaptic transmission works

A

the electrical signal or nerve impulse is converted into a chemical signal when neurotransmitter is released all by the presynaptic neuron

109
Q

what happens when the POST synaptic neuron receives the chemical signal

A

in turn, generates an electrical signal

A&P Lecture notecards (3 decks)

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