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A&P Lecture notecards > endocrinology system > Flashcards

endocrinology system Flashcards

1
Q

How do hormones act as mediators (3)

A
  1. Endocrine, Exocrine and Autocrine
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2
Q

secreted into interstitial fluid, absorbed into the bloodstream, and carried to all cells

A

Endocrine Hormones

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3
Q

These are secreted and act on the same cell

A

Autocrine Hormones

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4
Q

These are secreted into interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells

A

Exocrine Hormones

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5
Q

What is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter

A

Nitric Oxide Gas

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6
Q

These hormones are derived from cholesterol

A

Steroid Hormones

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7
Q

List 3 lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid Hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide gas.

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8
Q

Describe the 3 steps of Lipid-hormone action

A
  1. lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell, 2. activated receptor-hormone complex alters gene expression, 3. Newly formed mrna directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes.
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9
Q

These are water-soluble hormones derived from amino acids

A

Amines

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10
Q

These are water-soluble hormones that are polymers of amino acids (2)

A

peptides and proteins

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11
Q

These are water-soluble hormones that are made from a 20-C fatty acid (arachidonic acid)

A

Eicosanoids

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12
Q

Control of hormone secretion is done by what

A

negative or positive feedback systems

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13
Q

In negative feedback systems, elevated levels of product does what with production

A

slow or stop it

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14
Q

Cortisol production is an example of a&raquo_space;> feedback system

A

negative

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15
Q

During childbirth, the hormone oxytocin stimulates contractions, this would be an example of a ……. feedback system

A

postive

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16
Q

What are the five endocrine glands

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal

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17
Q

What controls the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

What portion of the pituitary gland accounts for 3/4 of the gland

A

anterior

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19
Q

what 5 cells are found in the anterior portion of the pituitary gland

A

somatotroph, thyrotroph, gonadotroph, corticotroph, lactotroph

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20
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior portion of the pituitary gland (6)

A

hGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL and ACTH

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21
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is connected tothe hypothalamus by blood vessels that form the what?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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22
Q

This hormone also called somatotropin, stimulates growth factors

A

Human Growth Hormone

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23
Q

This hormone stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

A

TSH

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24
Q

This hormone initiates development of oocytes and sperm

A

FSH

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25
Q

This hormone stim. secretion of estrogen and prgesterone, ovulation and testosterone

A

LH

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26
Q

This hormone promotes milk production

A

prolactin

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27
Q

This hormone stim. secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol) by adrenal glands

A

ACTH

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28
Q

The posterior portion of the pituitary gland does NOT produce hormones but stores them, what are the two it stores

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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29
Q

What does the hormone ADH do

A

targets kidney to reabsorb water, and causes arterioles to constrict increased BP

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30
Q

List 3 actions of the hormone oxytocin

A

stimulates labor contractions and lactation, sperm transport and uterine contractions, and emotional bonding and sexual satisfaction

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31
Q

Abnormal hGH production can cause these 3 conditions

A

pituitary dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly

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32
Q

This is too little hGH production during growth years

A

pituitary dwarfism

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33
Q

This is too much hGH production during growth years

A

gigantism

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34
Q

This is the production of too much hGH during adulthood

A

acromegaly

35
Q

Large urine output, excessive thirst and potential dehydration are all symptoms of what ailment

A

diabetes insipidus

36
Q

This is a butterfly-shaped structure that consists of thyroid follicles

A

thyroid gland

37
Q

Inside a target cell T4 is converted to the active form of what

A

T3

38
Q

What do thyroid follicles contain

A

protein rich colloid -thyroglobulin

39
Q

what cells secrete calcitonin

A

parafollicular C cells

40
Q

what hormone decreases osteoclast activity

A

calcitonin

41
Q

This thyroid disorder can lead to mental retardation and stunted growth in infants

A

hypothyroidism

42
Q

This condition is low thyroid hormone secretion in adults produces edema slow heart rate, lethargy, cold sensitivity, weight gain and low body temp

A

myxedema (hypothyroidism)

43
Q

this is an enlargment of the thyroid gland from iodine deficiency

A

goiter

44
Q

This is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, sxs are elev matebolic rate and HR, enlarged thyroid, weight loss sweatin and bulging eyes

A

graves disease

45
Q

define exophthalmos

A

bulging of the eyes seen in graves disease

46
Q

Parathyroid hormone is secreted by what cells

A

chief cells

47
Q

when do chief cells secrete PTH

A

when blood calcium levels are low

48
Q

what effects are seen when PTH is secreted

A

osteoclast activity increases and osteoblast activity decreases

49
Q

What effects does PTH have on the kidneys

A

increases rate of calcium reabsorption in the nephron and stimulates kidney to covert a vit D prehormone to it active form (calcitriol)

50
Q

what is Vit D’s active form of hormone

A

calcitriol

51
Q

What are the two portions of the adrenal glands

A

medulla and cortex

52
Q

What does aldosterone hormone do

A

regulates electrolyte balance and helps adjust BP and volume

53
Q

androgens released by the adrenal glands have weak or strong function compared to when it’s released from the gonads

A

weak

54
Q

This hormone regulates metabolism, fights stress, stimulates fat and protein catabolism, stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver, has anti-inflammatory effects what is it

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

55
Q

This hormone inhibits leukocyte activity and eicosanoid production

A

cortisol

56
Q

what hormone provides a quick source of ATP to fight stress

A

cortisol (glucocorticoids)

57
Q

what hormone is a quick source of ATP and vasoconstriction just in case of blood loss

A

cortisol (glucocorticoids)

58
Q

What can cause cushings syndrome

A

hypersecretion of cortisol from adrenal or ptuitary tumors, or long term corticosteroid drug tx

59
Q

list two examples of corticosteroid drugs

A

prednisone and hydrocortisone

60
Q

What are physical characteristics of cushings syndrome

A

edema, osteopporosis, dermitisis, fat redistribution (spingly arms and legs) buffalo hump, moon face and truncal obesity

61
Q

This disease is caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone, usually from an autoimmune disorder

A

Addisons disease

62
Q

Physiologic effects of Addisons Dz include

A

hypoglycemia, low electrolytes, low BP, arrhythmias, hyperpigmentation, dehydration and muscle weakness

63
Q

What do Delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

64
Q

what is the function of somatostatin hormone

A

inhibits hGH, A and B cells

65
Q

what do F cells secrete

A

pancreatic polypeptide

66
Q

what does pancreatic polypeptide effect

A

digestion

67
Q

what is the conversion of glucose into glycogen called

A

glycogenesis

68
Q

what causes diabetes mellitus

A

hyposecretion or inaction of insulin

69
Q

3 poly’s of DM

A

polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyruia

70
Q

when someone is thought to have DM, what do blood and urine tests show

A

hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and ketonuria

71
Q

pathology of DM includes what prob throughout the body

A

cardiovascular dz, poor circulation, vision prob and renal failure.

72
Q

This is a disorder that destroys beta cells

A

type I diabetes

73
Q

Define DM type II

A

insulin resistance, target cells have fewer receptors and dont respond to insulin in the blood

74
Q

What other gland has endocrine and exocrine function other than the pancreas

A

ovaries and testes

75
Q

What two hormones do the Thymus gland secrete

A

Thymosin and thymopoietin

76
Q

What hormone is produced from all cells except RBC’s

A

Eicosanoids

77
Q

What are the important functions of eicosanoid hormones

A

mediates allergic and inflammatory reaction and activates blood clostting and vasoconstriction

78
Q

This refers to the sequence of events that happen as we deal with extreme, unusual or long lasting stress

A

GAS-general adaptation syndrome or stress response

79
Q

What are the 3 steps of GAS

A

alarm reaction, stage of resistance, and stage of exhaustion

80
Q

This step in the GAS events include hypothalamic responses which result in a cascade of effects

A

resistance

81
Q

This event in the GAS includes depletion of fat reserves, muscle protein breakdown for energy, suppression of the immune system, hormonal imbalances leading to nervous and muscle dysfunctions

A

Exhaustion

82
Q

explain the ALARM reaction of events in the GAS

A

increased sympathetic stimulation, fat and liver cells are stimulated to release more glucose to the blood

83
Q

What are the 3 successive stages of the stress response or GAS

A

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

A&P Lecture notecards (3 decks)

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