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ABS - Histology > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of nervous tissue?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) - Brain and spinal cord; derived from the neural tube
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - all nervous tissue outside of CNS derived from neural crest cell

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2
Q

Functions of the Nerve Cells

A
  • Irritability: neurons rapidly respond to some stimuli
  • Conductivity: transmission of a response spatially and temporally to another part of the body
  • Secretion: cells secrete neurotransmitters and other substances that excite or inhibit neighboring cells
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3
Q

Components of Nervous Tissue

A
  • Nervous: nerve cells of the CNS and PNS
  • Glial cells: support and protect neurons
  • Connective tissue coverings
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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (to the left of the CNS)

A
  • afferent neurons
  • receive and transmits information from the environment to the CNS
  • inputs
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5
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • brain and spinal cord
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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (to the right of the CNS)

A
  • efferent neurons
  • transmit information generated in the CNS to the periphery
  • outputs
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7
Q

Afferent Neurons

A
  1. sensory neurons
  2. receive stimuli from environment and body
  3. impulse travels towards CNS
  4. cell bodies are near CNS
  5. consist primarily of psuedounipolar neurons
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8
Q

Efferent Neurons

A
  1. Motor Neurons
  2. control effector organs such as muscle fibers
  3. impulse travels away from CNS
  4. Cell bodies are within CNS (exception in ANS)
    a. further classified
    1. somatic - involuntary muscles
    2. Autonomic - involuntary smooth muscles -
    both sympathetic and parasympathetic
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9
Q

Interneurons

A
  • form functional networks or circuits (e.g. retina)
  • impulse travels within CNS
  • major function: coordinate all neural activities
  • consist mostly of multipolar neurons
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10
Q

Myelinated

A

formed by schwann’s cells

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11
Q

Non-myelinated

A

also has schwann cell bu they don’t roll themselves around to protect

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12
Q

Nature of Neurotransmitters Released

A
  • acetylcholine: cholinergic
  • norepinephrine: adrenergic
  • epinephrine
  • serotonin
  • glutamate
  • GABA (gamma-aminobutyric-acid)
  • glycine
  • many others
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13
Q

Neuron Structure - Perikaryon

A
  • Cellular Organelles
  • Nissl Bodies
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Lipofuscin
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14
Q

Cellular Organelles of Perikaryon

A
  • Nucleus, RER, Golgi, Mitochondria, protein synthesis machinery
    • nucleus note: centrally located, full of euchromatin, usually one nucleolus
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15
Q

Nissl Bodies of Perikaryon

A
  • Regions of RER - in cell body and dendrites, area of extensive protein synthesis, basophilic type of staining
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16
Q

Cytoskeleton of Perikaryon

A
  • Neurofilaments: intermediate filaments provide cellular support 10mm)
    • Microtubules: provide intracellular transport and cellular/axonal support 25mm
    • Actin: provides some secondary intracellular transport 6-7 mm
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17
Q

Lipofuscin of Perikaryon

A

residual bodies left over from lysosomal digestion

18
Q

Neuron Structures - Dendrites

A
  • processes that extend from perikaryon
  • lack golgi - but contain most other components of perikaryon
  • function - receive stimuli
19
Q

Neuron Structure - Axon

A

Structural and Functional Features

  • Axon Hillock
  • initial segment
  • axoplasm
  • collateral
  • axon terminal
  • axonal transport
  • oligodendrocyte (CNS)
  • Schwann Cell (PNS)
20
Q

Two types of Axonal Transport

A
  1. Anterograde: Kinesin (from perikaryon to axon terminal)

2. Retrograde: Dynesin (from axon terminal to perikaryon)

21
Q

Axon Hillock

A
  • short segment emanating from perikaryon
  • No nissl bodies
  • initial site of microtubule bundling
22
Q

Initial Segment

A
  • region between axon hillock and initial myelinization point
  • site of neuron where stimulus is intergregrated - initiates/suppresses signal down the axon
23
Q

Collateral Branches

A

also known as axon branches

24
Q

Neuronal Function - Axonal Transport

A
  • movement of proteins and vesicles within the axon

- vesicles attached via motor proteins move along microtubules

25
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

From perikaryon to synapses

a) from slow stream 1-4 mm/day
i. necessary for axon growth
b) fast stream 50-400 mm/day
i. vesicles carrying neurotransmitters and other membrane components needed for synaptic transmissions (e.g. calcium channels)

26
Q

Primary protein responsible for anterograde motion?

A

Kinesin

27
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

From synapses and axons to perikaryon

a) intermediate stream 10-100 mm/day
i. considered a salvage pathway
b) Transports cytoskeletal components

28
Q

Primary protein responsible for retrograde motion?

A

Dynesin

29
Q

Axon Terminal - Synapses : Types of Synapses

A

a) Structure behind a Chemical synapse.
b) Structure of an Electrical synapse - composed of transmembrane proteins called connexins
c) Combining both results in a Mixed synapse

30
Q

Chemical Synapses

A 
Vesicles
• Neurotransmitter vesicles
     • Adrenaline secreting
     • Acetylcholine secreting
• Hormone vesicles
• Depolarization

-Arrival of a nerve impulse causes an influx of Ca2+
into the axon terminal
-Ca2+ influx triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter
vesicles into the synaptic cleft
- Adrenaline secreting (sympathetic)
- Acetylcholine secreting (parasympathetic)
Neurotransmitter open or close ion channels to regulate depolarization at the postsynaptic
membrane

31
Q

Types of Synapses: Depending on the type of synaptic contacts

A
  • Axo-Dendritic
  • Axo-somatic
  • Dendro-Dendritic
  • Axo-Axonic
32
Q

Membrane structure: Presynaptic membrane

A

Terminal ending membrane of axon

33
Q

Membrane structure: Postsynaptic membrane

A

Membrane of cell juxtaposed to presynaptic membrane

34
Q

Membrane Structure: Synaptic Cleft

A

Space between the two membranes

35
Q

Preganglionic has ____ lines

Postganglionic has ____ lines

A

Solid;

Dotted

36
Q

Paravertebral Ganglia is located?

A

Located immediately outside of spinal column antero-laterally extending from cervical to sacral regions.

37
Q

Prevertebral Ganglia is located?

A

in abdomen

38
Q

Terminal Ganglia is located?

A

located near the organs to be innervate

39
Q

Paravertebral Ganglia comprised of mostly?

A

sympathetic preganglionic axonal endings and postganglionic cell bodies. Few neurons.

40
Q

Prevertebral Ganglia is the area where?

A

Preganglion Sympathic axons that bypass the paravertabral ganglion meet postganglionic neurons.

41
Q

Terminal Ganglia is comprised mostly of?

A

parasympathetic preganglionic axonal endings and postganglionic cell bodies that give rise to relatively short axons

42
Q

Neurepinephrine released from sympathetic nerves to the heart ____ heart rate, whereas acetylcholine released from the parasympathetic fibers ____ it.

A

increase; decrease

ABS - Histology (9 decks)

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