Hematology Flashcards
General Features of Blood:
- type of connective tissue
- Transport
- oxygen and other nutrients
- waste products
- hormones
- heat
- cells
- Clinical Test
- hematocrit
- Differential count
What are the four types of Romanovsky type stains and their colors?
- Basophilic - blue
- Azurophilic - purple
- Eosinophilic - orange
- Neutrophilic - pink
What are the four types of leukocytes and their functions?
- Neutrophil (attack bacteria) 60-70%
- Eosinophil (attack parasites) 2-4%
- Basophil ( mediate inflammation) 0.5%
- Lymphocyte (mediate humoral and colleular immunity) 28%
- Monocyte (become phagocytic macrophages) 5%
Differential count:
- segmented neutrophil, band (immature) neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and platelets
- phagocytic properties
Diapedesis is the
migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells into connective tissues
Three types of granulocytes:
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Two types of Agranulocytes:
- Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes
Composition of Plasma
Plasma Proteins
1) Albumin (60%) contributes to osmotic pressure
2) Globulins (35%) include immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport globulins that bind small ions, hormones and other compounds
3) Fibrinogen (4%) function in forming blood clots
Small Organics
1) Lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol, glycerides)
2) Carbohydrates (primarily glucose)
3) Amino acids
4) Organic wastes (urea, creatinine, bilirubin)
Inorganics
1) Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-)
The integrity of an erythrocyte during its lifespan depends upon the ____, _____ and _____
cell membrane, hemoglobin, and metabolic enzymes
Structure of Erythrocyte membrane: Glycophorin
Glycophorin and anion transporter channel are the two major transmmebrane proteins exposed to the outer surface of the red blood cell
Structure of Erythrocyte Membrane Anion Transporter (band 3)
allows HCO3- to cross the plasma membrane in exchange for Cl-. This exchange facilitates the release of CO2 in the lung
Structure of Erythrocyte Membrane: Ankyrin
anchors spectrin to band 3
ABO Blood Types
Carbohydrates (Oligosaccharides) attached to the cell surface
O Antigen:
-Lipid-Glucose-Galactose-N-Acetylglucosamine-Galactose-Fucose
A Antigen
N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNac) glycosidically bonded to O antigen
B Antigen:
Galactose glycosidically bonded to the O antigen
Function of Erythrocytes
Exchange O2 and CO2 between
the erythrocyte and capillary wall. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in hemoglobin changing a glutamic acid to a valine that renders the erythrocyte sickle shaped and inflexible and therefore removed by the spleen.
What is Anemia?
low concentration of hemoglobin in the circulatory system
What are the causes of anemia?
- Loss of blood - hemorrhage
- Insufficient production of RBCs (e.g. low erythropoietin (epo) from diseased kidney)
- RBCs with insufficient hemoglobin e.g. iron deficiency
- Accelerated RBC destruction e.g. sickle cells
Two types of Neutrophil granules
- Azurophilic (purple): non specific or primary lysosome, myleoperoxidase and acid hydrolases
- Specific (salmon pink): secondary or neutrophilic, close to limit of neutrophilic, proteases and lysozyme
What is diapedesis?
the migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells into connective tissue
Mechanisms of Pagocytosis and killing of bacteria (2)
- Oxygen dependent: Superoxide radicals (O2-) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also converted by MPO into hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
- Oxygen independent (lysosomes)
Inflammaratory cell may inadvertently damage?
DNA and cause cancer
Eosinophil: externum
- Peroxidase
- Hydrolytic enzymes
Eosinophil: Internum (crystalline)
- Major basic protein
- Eosinophil cationic protein
- Neurotoxin
Eosinophil
- contain eosinophil granules
- have specific granules with a stripe (Internum)
- Attacks parasites (e.g. helminthic worms): limits inflammation by inactivating leukotrienes and histamine
Basophils and mast cells secrete:
eosinophil chemotactic factors
Basophilic Granules
- Heparin (anti-coagulant)
- proteases
- Histamine (vascular permeability)
- Eosinophil chemotactic factor
Basophil Functions:
- inflammation
- recruit eosinophils
Inflammatory Activity of Basophils and Mast Cells
- A specific antigen (also called allergen) bridges two adjacent IgE receptor molecules anchored to the FceRI receptor
- Cytosolic calcium is mobilized
- Granule and lipid mediators and cytokines are released
Granule mediators - 1- 5 minutes
Lipid mediators - 5-30 minutes
Cytokines - minutes/hours
Biological Effects of Basophils and Mast Cells
- An inhaled allergen crosses the bronchial epithelium
- The allergen interacts with IgE receptors on the surface of mast cells and induces degranulation. Released mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, eosinophil chemotactic factor and others) induce:
a. chemoattraction of eosinophils
b. Increased permeability of blood vessels (edema)
c. constriction of smooth muscle (broncho constriction)
d. Hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells
Monocytes have a ____ _____ system
Mononuclear phagocyte
What is a mononuclear phagoycte system?
A group of cells that have slightly different morphology and play a role in phagocytosis
What cells derived from monocytes?
- connective tissue
- lung
- serous cavities
- bone
- brain
- spleen
- lymph node
- marrow
- interstitial wall
- breast milk
- placental
- granuloma (multinucleated giant cell)
Phagocytosis and APC activity of Tissue Macrophages
- these cells stimulate the immune system, produce antibodies or T cell mediated cell death through antigen presenting cell
- Interleukins secreted by T cells bind to an interleukin receptor on the surface of a B cell
- Macrophage is also an antigen presenting cell
Hemostasis Vascular Injury: Vasoconstriction
reduced blood loss
Hemostasis Vascular Injury: Platelets
- adhesion
- activation
- aggregation
(Primary Hemostatic Plug)
Hemostasis Vascular Injury: Clotting Cascade
- fibrinogen to fibrin
Definitive Hemostatic Plug
Blood clot formed by platelet aggregation with aid of Von Willebrand’s factor binding
Factor VIII from blood plasma to form?
fibrin
Hemophilia A is absence of?
Factor VIII.
Platelets will stick immediately to ___ ____
subendothelial collagen
