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ABS - Histology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

General Features of Blood:

A
  • type of connective tissue
  • Transport
    • oxygen and other nutrients
    • waste products
    • hormones
    • heat
    • cells
  • Clinical Test
    • hematocrit
    • Differential count
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2
Q

What are the four types of Romanovsky type stains and their colors?

A
  1. Basophilic - blue
  2. Azurophilic - purple
  3. Eosinophilic - orange
  4. Neutrophilic - pink
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3
Q

What are the four types of leukocytes and their functions?

A
  1. Neutrophil (attack bacteria) 60-70%
  2. Eosinophil (attack parasites) 2-4%
  3. Basophil ( mediate inflammation) 0.5%
  4. Lymphocyte (mediate humoral and colleular immunity) 28%
  5. Monocyte (become phagocytic macrophages) 5%
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4
Q

Differential count:

A
  • segmented neutrophil, band (immature) neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and platelets
  • phagocytic properties
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5
Q

Diapedesis is the

A

migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells into connective tissues

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6
Q

Three types of granulocytes:

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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7
Q

Two types of Agranulocytes:

A
  1. Lymphocytes

2. Monocytes

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8
Q

Composition of Plasma

A

Plasma Proteins

1) Albumin (60%) contributes to osmotic pressure
2) Globulins (35%) include immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport globulins that bind small ions, hormones and other compounds
3) Fibrinogen (4%) function in forming blood clots

Small Organics

1) Lipids (fatty acids, cholesterol, glycerides)
2) Carbohydrates (primarily glucose)
3) Amino acids
4) Organic wastes (urea, creatinine, bilirubin)

Inorganics
1) Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-)

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9
Q

The integrity of an erythrocyte during its lifespan depends upon the ____, _____ and _____

A

cell membrane, hemoglobin, and metabolic enzymes

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10
Q

Structure of Erythrocyte membrane: Glycophorin

A

Glycophorin and anion transporter channel are the two major transmmebrane proteins exposed to the outer surface of the red blood cell

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11
Q

Structure of Erythrocyte Membrane Anion Transporter (band 3)

A

allows HCO3- to cross the plasma membrane in exchange for Cl-. This exchange facilitates the release of CO2 in the lung

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12
Q

Structure of Erythrocyte Membrane: Ankyrin

A

anchors spectrin to band 3

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13
Q

ABO Blood Types

A

Carbohydrates (Oligosaccharides) attached to the cell surface

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14
Q

O Antigen:

A

-Lipid-Glucose-Galactose-N-Acetylglucosamine-Galactose-Fucose

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15
Q

A Antigen

A

N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNac) glycosidically bonded to O antigen

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16
Q

B Antigen:

A

Galactose glycosidically bonded to the O antigen

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17
Q

Function of Erythrocytes

A

Exchange O2 and CO2 between
the erythrocyte and capillary wall. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a point mutation in hemoglobin changing a glutamic acid to a valine that renders the erythrocyte sickle shaped and inflexible and therefore removed by the spleen.

18
Q

What is Anemia?

A

low concentration of hemoglobin in the circulatory system

19
Q

What are the causes of anemia?

A
  • Loss of blood - hemorrhage
  • Insufficient production of RBCs (e.g. low erythropoietin (epo) from diseased kidney)
  • RBCs with insufficient hemoglobin e.g. iron deficiency
  • Accelerated RBC destruction e.g. sickle cells
20
Q

Two types of Neutrophil granules

A
  • Azurophilic (purple): non specific or primary lysosome, myleoperoxidase and acid hydrolases
  • Specific (salmon pink): secondary or neutrophilic, close to limit of neutrophilic, proteases and lysozyme
21
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

the migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells into connective tissue

22
Q

Mechanisms of Pagocytosis and killing of bacteria (2)

A
  1. Oxygen dependent: Superoxide radicals (O2-) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) also converted by MPO into hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
  2. Oxygen independent (lysosomes)
23
Q

Inflammaratory cell may inadvertently damage?

A

DNA and cause cancer

24
Q

Eosinophil: externum

A
  • Peroxidase

- Hydrolytic enzymes

25
Q

Eosinophil: Internum (crystalline)

A
  • Major basic protein
  • Eosinophil cationic protein
  • Neurotoxin
26
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • contain eosinophil granules
  • have specific granules with a stripe (Internum)
  • Attacks parasites (e.g. helminthic worms): limits inflammation by inactivating leukotrienes and histamine
27
Q

Basophils and mast cells secrete:

A

eosinophil chemotactic factors

28
Q

Basophilic Granules

A
  • Heparin (anti-coagulant)
  • proteases
  • Histamine (vascular permeability)
  • Eosinophil chemotactic factor
29
Q

Basophil Functions:

A
  • inflammation

- recruit eosinophils

30
Q

Inflammatory Activity of Basophils and Mast Cells

A
  1. A specific antigen (also called allergen) bridges two adjacent IgE receptor molecules anchored to the FceRI receptor
  2. Cytosolic calcium is mobilized
  3. Granule and lipid mediators and cytokines are released
    Granule mediators - 1- 5 minutes
    Lipid mediators - 5-30 minutes
    Cytokines - minutes/hours
31
Q

Biological Effects of Basophils and Mast Cells

A
  1. An inhaled allergen crosses the bronchial epithelium
  2. The allergen interacts with IgE receptors on the surface of mast cells and induces degranulation. Released mediators (histamine, leukotrienes, eosinophil chemotactic factor and others) induce:
    a. chemoattraction of eosinophils
    b. Increased permeability of blood vessels (edema)
    c. constriction of smooth muscle (broncho constriction)
    d. Hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells
32
Q

Monocytes have a ____ _____ system

A

Mononuclear phagocyte

33
Q

What is a mononuclear phagoycte system?

A

A group of cells that have slightly different morphology and play a role in phagocytosis

34
Q

What cells derived from monocytes?

A
  1. connective tissue
  2. lung
  3. serous cavities
  4. bone
  5. brain
  6. spleen
  7. lymph node
  8. marrow
  9. interstitial wall
  10. breast milk
  11. placental
  12. granuloma (multinucleated giant cell)
35
Q

Phagocytosis and APC activity of Tissue Macrophages

A
  • these cells stimulate the immune system, produce antibodies or T cell mediated cell death through antigen presenting cell
  • Interleukins secreted by T cells bind to an interleukin receptor on the surface of a B cell
  • Macrophage is also an antigen presenting cell
36
Q

Hemostasis Vascular Injury: Vasoconstriction

A

reduced blood loss

37
Q

Hemostasis Vascular Injury: Platelets

A
  • adhesion
  • activation
  • aggregation
    (Primary Hemostatic Plug)
38
Q

Hemostasis Vascular Injury: Clotting Cascade

A
  • fibrinogen to fibrin

Definitive Hemostatic Plug

39
Q

Blood clot formed by platelet aggregation with aid of Von Willebrand’s factor binding
Factor VIII from blood plasma to form?

A

fibrin

40
Q

Hemophilia A is absence of?

A

Factor VIII.

41
Q

Platelets will stick immediately to ___ ____

A

subendothelial collagen

ABS - Histology (9 decks)

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