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A & P 1 > Nervous tissue 12-1 > Flashcards

Nervous tissue 12-1 Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

provides fast, brief responses to stimuli

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2
Q

endocrine system

A

adjusts metabolic operations and directs long-term changes

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3
Q

What is included in the nervous system?

A
  • all neuron tissue of the body
  • neuron (nerve cell)
  • neuroglia (supporting cells)
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4
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • brain and spinal cord
  • integration center
  • initiates motor output
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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Afferent division

- Efferent division

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6
Q

afferent division

A

brings sensory info from receptors

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7
Q

efferent division

A

carries motor commands to effectors

-includes somatic, autonomic, and sympathetic, parasympathetic nervous systems, and enteric plexuses

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

collection of neuron cell bodies located in CNS

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9
Q

Ganglion

A

collection of neuron cell bodies located in PNS

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10
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axons in CNS going to the same location

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11
Q

Nerve

A

bundle of axons in PNS going to the same location

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12
Q

Center

A

functional region of CNS

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13
Q

Somatic nervous system

A
  • controls nervous system
  • voluntary responses
  • involuntary responses
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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

-controls visceral functions (smooth muscle, cardiact muscle, glands)

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15
Q

Neuron structure

A
  • soma (cell body)
  • large nucleus and prominent nucleoli
  • perikaryon
  • neurofilaments, neurotubules
  • lacks centrioles
  • numerous rough ER and mitochondria
  • nissl bodies
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16
Q

soma

A

cell body

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17
Q

perikaryon

A

cytoplasmic area of cell body

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18
Q

nissl bodies

A

dense clusters of rough ER

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19
Q

dendrites

A

branching structures that receive input from other neurons; contain receptors

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20
Q

axon

A

long single extension of the cell body (nerve fiber)

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21
Q

axon hillock

A

where the axon meets the soma

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22
Q

telodendria

A

branches of the axon

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23
Q

synaptic knobs

A

terminals, buttons or boutons

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24
Q

True or False: Neurotransmitters are made in the nerve terminal

A

FALSE: neurotransmitters are made in the cell body

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25
Q

anterograde (orthograde) transport

A

neurotransmitters that are transported along neurotubules to the nerve terminal

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26
Q

retrograde transport

A

old organelles, waste products of transmission that travel back to the soma

27
Q

kinesins

A

antegrade

28
Q

dynein

A

retrograde

29
Q

fast anterograde transport

A

moves mitochondria

30
Q

fast retrograde transport

A

returns used synaptic vessels

31
Q

slow anterograde transport

A

moves enzymes and cytoskeletal components down axon

32
Q

sensory neurons (afferent neurons)

A

deliver information from exteroceptors, interoceptors and proprioceptors

33
Q

motor neurons (effeent neurons)

A

form the efferent division of the PNS

34
Q

interneurons (association neurons)

A

located almost entirely within CNS

-distribute sensory input and coordination output

35
Q

multi-polar neuron

A

most common type
-have multiple dendrites at one end and single axon
(motor neurons, interneurons)

36
Q

bipolar neuron

A

have two poles

  • dendritic pole and axonic pole
  • (special senses)
37
Q

unipolar neuron

A

dendrites and axons connect directly (sensory neurons)

38
Q

anaxonic neuron

A

no axon
-rare
small neurons in brain and special sense organs

39
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglia in the CNS?

A
  • ependymal cells
  • astrocytes
  • microglia
  • oligodendrocytes
40
Q

ependymal cells

A

cuboidal epithelial cells

  • line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain
  • produce CSF
41
Q

astrocytes

A
  • largest and most numerous
  • maintain blood brain barrier
  • control interstitial environment
  • maintain 3-D framework of CNS
  • repair and maintain CNS neurons
42
Q

microglia

A

phagocytic cells

43
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • myelin
  • nodes of Ranvier
  • internodes
  • white and gray matter
44
Q

what are the 3 types of neuroglia of the PNS?

A
  • ganglia
  • satellite cells
  • schwann cells
45
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of nerve cell bodies in PNS

46
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

47
Q

schwann cells

A

ensheath axons in PNS

48
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

sum of all chemical and electrical forces acting across the cell membrane

49
Q

How many millivolts does the sodium-potassium exchange pump at resting potential?

A

-70 mV

50
Q

What is the amount of sodium inside and outside cell?

A

outside-140

inside- 10-20

51
Q

what is the amount of potassium inside and outside cell?

A

outside-4.5

inside-90-120

52
Q

what is the main anion inside the cell?

A

protein

53
Q

True or false: The concentration of chloride inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell

A

False: the concentration is higher outside the cell

54
Q

what mechanisms maintain concentration gradients?

A
  • proteins inside cells are anions
  • ions can’t freely diffuse across lipid membrane
  • various transport or carrier proteins allow their movement inside and outside cell
  • leak channels
55
Q

Sodium-potassium ATPase

A

active transport

moves 3 sodium in exchange for bringing 2 potassium into cell

56
Q

what is the main determinant of the resting membrane potential?

A

the potassium concentration gradient

57
Q

passive (leak) channels

A

always open but may change their permeability based on local conditions or outside regulators (hormones)

58
Q

active (gated) channels

A

open and close in response to stimuli

59
Q

chemically regulated channels

A

open or close in response to chemical activation

60
Q

voltage-regulated channels

A

open or close in response to a change in the membrane potential

61
Q

mechanically regulated channels

A

open or close in response to mechanical changes in cell membrane

62
Q

resting membrane potential of neuron

A

-70 mV

63
Q

resting membrane potential of skeletal muscke

A

-90 mV

A & P 1 (4 decks)

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