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A & P 1 > Muscle tissue 11-2 > Flashcards

Muscle tissue 11-2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many millivolts (mV) are inside a resting muscle cell

A

-90 mv

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2
Q

At how many mV open the voltage-gated sodium channels?

A

-55 mV

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3
Q

How many mV are present when the sodium channels close and the potassium channels open

A

+30

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4
Q

What is tension?

A

when muscles contract

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5
Q

What happens during the lag phase before muscle contraction?

A
  • calcium release
  • thick/thin filament interaction
  • muscle fiber contraction
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6
Q

What are the factors that affect tension?

A
  • stretch
  • temperature
  • hydration
  • stimulus frequency
  • fatigue
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7
Q

What is a twitch?

A

Cycle of contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber produced by a single stiumulus

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8
Q

What is a treppe?

A

repeated stimulation after relaxation phase has been completed, causing higher tensions due to increased Calcium concentrations in the sarcoplasm

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9
Q

Wave summation

A

stimulation of a muscle fiber is fast enough that one twitch is added to another (before complete relaxation)

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10
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

muscle fiber reaches maximal tension and partially relaxes

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11
Q

complete tetanus

A

muscle fiber reaches maximal tension and stays contracted (no relaxation phase)

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12
Q

motor unit

A

all muscle fibers innervated by one neuron

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13
Q

What controls motor neuron movement?

A

number and size of motor unit

-small motor units go to thinner muscle fibers first

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14
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

constant tension caused by changing activation of motor units
-stabilizes bones and joints

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15
Q

isometric contraction

A

tension rises, length of muscle remains constant

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16
Q

isotonic concentric contraction

A

tension rises, muscle shortens (bicep curl)

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17
Q

isotonic eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens while maintaining tension

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18
Q

What is the optimum resting length in muscle?

A

90-110%

19
Q

What type of energy is used by the cell?

A

ATP

20
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A
  • provides most ATP needed for contraction
  • Uses oxygen to generate large amounts of ATP from glucose or fatty acids
  • slowest process
21
Q

Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)

A
  • peak activity

- faster

22
Q

creatine phosphate

A

releases stored energy to convert ADP to ATP

-fastest

23
Q

muscle fatigue

A

muscles no longer contract or contracts weakly

24
Q

What are the contributing factors of muscle fatigue?

A
  • exhaustion of energy resources (ATP & glycogen)
  • ionic imbalances (mainly potassium)
  • build up of lactic acid and ammonia
  • exhaustion of ACh at the neuromuscular junction
25
Q

oxygen debt

A

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

  • convert lactic acid back to ATP and glucose
  • amount of oxygen required during resting period to restore muscle to normal conditions
26
Q

what happens during the recovery period?

A
  • begins immediately after activity ends
  • Oxygen debt
  • heat loss
27
Q

Slow muscle fibers

A
  • slow oxidative fibers
  • slow twitch muscle
  • red muscle
  • type I
28
Q

fast muscle fibers

A
  • fast glycolytic fibers
  • fast twitch muscle
  • white muscle
  • type IIB
29
Q

intermediate fibers

A
  • fast oxidative fiber; type IIA
  • greater resistance to fatigue compared to fast fibers
  • increase in mitochondria and blood supply
  • endurance training can convert fast muscle to intermediate muscle
30
Q

White muscles

A

pale muscles dominated by fast fibers

31
Q

red muscles

A

dark muscles dominated by slow fibers and myoglobin

32
Q

hypertrophy

A

enlargement of muscles

33
Q

atrophy

A

reduction and loss of muscle mass

34
Q

anaerobic endurance

A

time over which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis and ATP/CP reserves

35
Q

aerobic endurance

A

time over which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities

36
Q

what are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A
  • only located in heart
  • only 1 nucleus
  • short, broad t-tubules
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • longer contractions
  • no wave summation or tetanic contractions
37
Q

intercalated discs

A

where membranes contact one another

-form gap junctions

38
Q

what are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A
  • thin, spindle shaped
  • nonstriated
  • lack t-tubules
  • involuntary
  • gap junctions
39
Q

What are the steps in the contraction of smooth muscle?

A
  1. calcium ions enter from outside cell and are released from the SR
  2. Calcium binds to calmodulin, which activates myosin light chain kinase
40
Q

Plasticity

A

actin myosin fibers are scattered in different directions

41
Q

Multi-unit smooth muscle

A
  • cells are innervated by more than one motor neuron
  • rare
  • iris of eye, male reproductive system, arector pili muscle
42
Q

visceral smooth muscle

A
  • cells that are not always innervated by motor neurons

- blood vessels, digestive tract

43
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

Neurons that innervate smooth muscle are under voluntary control

A

FALSE

they are NOT under voluntary control

A & P 1 (4 decks)

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