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BIOLOGY 109 TEST #4 > Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Nervous Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Does the nervous system tend to vary between different animals?

A

YES

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2
Q

Function of these glial cells: ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and schwann cells?

A

Ependymal cells - have cilia that promote circulation of CSF

Astrocytes - BBB

Oligodendrocytes - myelinate axons in CNS

Microglia - immune cells in CNS

Schwann cells - myelinate axons in PNS

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3
Q

What is the central canal and the ventricles of the brain filled with? What is its function?

A

CSF - filtered arterial blood that supplies CNS with O2 and nutrients and hormones, also carries away wastes.

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4
Q

What are the two types of matter that the brain contains? What are they made of?

A

Gray matter - neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons.

White matter - bundles of myelinated axons

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5
Q

What are reflexes? Is the brain involved in these?

A

These are the bodies automatic response to a stimulus.

Brain is not involved in these, just the spinal cord.

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6
Q

What two types of neurons exists in the PNS? What are the two branches of the PNS, what do they control, are they voluntary?

A

afferent neurons - send info to the CNS

efferent neurons - send information away from the CNS

  1. Motor (somatic) system - regulates skeletal muscles and is voluntary
  2. Autonomic system - regulates smooth and cardiac muscle and is involuntary. COntrols organs of digestive, cardiac, excretory, and endocrine systems.
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7
Q

Look at this picture and see some of the specific functions of the PNS.

A

DO IT.

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8
Q

What are the three embryonic regions in which all vertebrate brains develop from?

A

forebrain - smells, sleep, learning, complex processing

midbrain - routing sensory input

hindbrain - blood circulation, motor acitivites/locomotion

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9
Q

Look at this picture and understand where each embryonic region develops into in a human.

A

DO IT.

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10
Q

What are the basal nuclei important for?

A

Planning and learning movement sequences.

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11
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

To allow the communication between the left and right hemispheres.

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12
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

coordinating movement and balance, learning and remembering motor skills

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13
Q

What contributes to the production of CSF?

A

The epithalamus INCLUDING THE PINEAL GLAND

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14
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum

receives information leaving the cerebrum and other brain areas to regulate emotion and arousal

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15
Q

What is the basic function of the cerebrum?

A

information processing

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16
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulate homeostasis and play a role in fight or flight response, mating behavior, and pleasure

17
Q

What are the functions of the brainstem?

A

homeostasis

coordination of movement

conducts info from higher brain centers

18
Q

What composes the cerebrum?

A

L and R hemisphere

Basal nuclei

Corpus callosum

19
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A

epithalamus (including pineal gland)

thalamus

hypothalamus

20
Q

What is the brainstem composed of?

A

medulla oblongata

pons

midbrain

21
Q

What does the medulla oblongata and pons do?

A

Transfer information between the PNS and the mid and forebrains

22
Q

What does the midbrain do?

A

receives and integrates sensory information

23
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

controls breathing, cardiovascular activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion

24
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

regulation of breathing centers

25
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

One of several brain centers that control arousal and sleep, involving both the brainstem and cerebrum.

26
Q

What is an example of an adaptation that allows for substantial activity during sleep?

A

Dolphin sleep one brain hemisphere at a time so they can still swim around while they are asleep.

27
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate the biological clock? What part of the hypothalamus does this? What is required for proper regulation?

A

regulating circadian rhythms like the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, hunger, and hormone release.

The SCN is what functions as the biological clock (suprachiasmatic nuclei)

Usually external ques are required to allow remaining synchronized with natural cycles of day length.

28
Q

Where are emotions generated and experienced?

A

The limbic system and other sensory areas

29
Q

What is the limbic system composed of?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus

30
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

helps to store emotional experience and emotional memory

31
Q

Look at this picture of the lobes of the brain and understand their basic function. What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A
  1. parietal
  2. frontal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
32
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex vs the primary somatosensory cortex located?

A

motor - frontal

somatosensory - parietal

33
Q

Describe the function of brocas and wernickes area? Where are these located?

A

Brocas - frontal lobe - generation of speech

Wernickes - temporal lobe - active in speech comprehension

34
Q

What is it called that each hemisphere has a different function?

A

lateralization

35
Q

What are the basic functions of the left and right hemisphere?

A

Left - language, math, logic, processing of serial sequences, brocas and wernickes also reside here.

Right - pattern recognition, nonverbal thinking, emotional processinfg

36
Q

How is information transmitted between the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Via the corpus callosum

BIOLOGY 109 TEST #4 (5 decks)

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