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BIOLOGY 109 TEST #4 > Animal Reproduction > Flashcards

Animal Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual - the creation of offspring through the fusion of a male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote.

Asexual - the creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm.

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of asexual reproduction described in class?

A
  1. Fission - parent separates into two individuals about the same size.
  2. budding - new individuals arise from outgrowths of the existing one.
  3. Parthenogenesis - the development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg.
  4. Fragmentation - breaking of body into pieces, some or all develop into adults, regeneration (regrowth of lost body parts) must follow after this.
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3
Q

What are two variations in sexual reproduction that help individuals that seldom encouter a mate to help with reproductive success?

A
  1. Hermaphoditism - Each individual has male and female reproductive systems, some of these can even self-fertilize.
  2. Sex reversals - male to female or from female to male
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4
Q

What do most animals reproductive cycles relate to
?

A

Changing seasons

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5
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle.

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6
Q

What ultimately controls reproductive cycles? How are the things that control the reproductive cycle regulated?

A

hormones

Which are regulated by environmental cues.

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7
Q

Can some animals switch between sexual and asexual reproduction? Example?

A

YES

Whiptail lizards are all female, and reproduce by parthenogenesis that is triggered via mating behaviour. This involves one of the females taking on the role of a male to stimulate mating behavior. The females willl switch between the male and female role several times in their lives.

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8
Q

Describe the two-fold cost of sexual reproduction.

A

This describes that sexual reproduction results in half as many daughters than in asexual reproduction.

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9
Q

What are 3 advatages of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Increase in variation in offspring, providing increase in reproductive success of parents in changing environments.
  2. Increase in rate of adaptation
  3. Shuffling of genes and the elimination of harmful genes from a population.
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10
Q

What is the difference between external and internal fertilization? What are the requirements for each?

A

External - eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment. Requires a moist habitat and timing to ensure that gametes encounter each other.

Internal - sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract. Requires behavioral interactions and compatibile copulatory genes.

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11
Q

What mediates the critical timing required for fertilization?

A

Environmental cues, pheromones and/or courtship behavior

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12
Q

Since all species produce more offspring than the environment can handle, what happens to most of them?

A

Most of them dont survive

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13
Q

What is the give and take between internal and external fertilization species?

A

External fertilization - produce more gametes than species with internal fertilization

Internal - provide greater protection of the embryos and more parental care than those with external fertilization

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14
Q

What are the two ways the terrestrial embryos develop?

A

Either inside an amniote egg or inside the female mother.

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15
Q

What is the definition of gonads?

A

Organs that produce gametes

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16
Q

What are spermathecae?

A

These are female structures of insects that allow sperm to be stored for a later date until the conditions are right.

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17
Q

What do the testes consist of? What is the function of these?

A

They consist of coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules, this is where sperm is formed.

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18
Q

What are leydig cells, where are they located?

A

These produce hormones and are scattered between the seminiferous tubules.

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19
Q

Why are the testes notoriously contained outside of the body cavity in the scrotum?

A

The formation of sperm cant happen at normal body temperature of most mammals. Thus they are held outside of the body cavity where the temperature is lower.

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20
Q

Where does the sperm go once it is formed in the seminiferous tubules? What is its function?

A

They go to the coiled tubules of the epididymis.

This is where the sperm matures.

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21
Q

After the sperm is matured in the epididymis, what happen during ejaculation?

A

Sperm is propelled through the vas deferens and then the ejaculatory duct, then exits through the urethra.

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22
Q

What is semen? What are all of the accessory glands and their function?

A

Semen is made of sperm plus the secretions from the three sets of accessory glands.

  1. Seminal vesicles - contributes 60% of total volume of semen, alkaline fluid secreted.
  2. Prostate gland - secretes directly to urethra, secretes anticoagulant and nutrients for sperm
  3. Bulbourethral glands - secrete mucus that neutralizes any urine left in urethra.
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23
Q

What does each ovary contain?

A

Follicles that consist of partially developed egg (oocyte) surrounded by support cells.

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24
Q

Once a month, an oocyte develops into a mature ovum by the process of what?

A

Oogenesis.

25
Q

What is the process called when an egg is expelled from a follicle?

A

Ovulation.

26
Q

After the oocyte is expelled from the follicle, what happens to the remaining follicle tissue that is left in the ovary? What is its function? What happens to this if the egg is not fertilized?

A

The remaining tissue grows within the ovary to form the corpus luteum.

The corpus luteum secretes hormones that help maintain pregnancy.

If the egg is not fertilized then the corpus luteum degenerates.

27
Q

What does the egg travel down to get from the ovary to the uterus? What conveys the egg to the uterus in the fallopian tube?

A

The oviduct (fallopian tube)

There are cilia that convey the egg towards the uterus.

28
Q

Does the endometrium have many blood vessels?

A

YES

29
Q

The uterus narrows to what? And the opens to what?

A

The cervix

The vagina

30
Q

Describe the functions of the vagina?

A

Repository of sperm during copulation and serves as birth canal

31
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

These are not part of the reproductive system but are full of small sacs of epithelial tissue that secrete milk.

32
Q

Where does fertilization usually take place?

A

In the oviduct.

33
Q

What are the steps in spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatogonium (2n) undergoes mitosis to make two primary spermatocytes (2n)
  2. One of the primary spermatocyte undergo meiosis I to form two secondary spermotocyte (n)
  3. The two secondary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis II to form 4 early spermatids
  4. The early spermatids differentiate into mature sperm cells.
34
Q

What part of the mature sperm containsa the mitochondria?

A

The midpiece.

35
Q

Describe the stages of oogenesis that occur IN THE EMBRYO.

A

The oogonium undergoes mitotic division to form two primary oocytes which are arrested at prophase of meiosis I until puberty.

36
Q

What happens to the primary oocyte (2n) once the female reaches puberty?

A
  • Meiosis I is completed and the primary oocytes divides into a secondary oocyte (n) and a first polar body (n)
  • the secondary oocyte is arrested at metaphase of meiosis II until fertilization
  • Fertilization results in the completion of meiosis II and creates a fertilized egg and a second polar body.
37
Q

What will the corpus luteum secrete if the egg is fertilized?

A

It will secrete estradiol and progesterone to help maintain the uterine lining during pregnancy.

38
Q

What are the three ways the spermatogenesis and oogenesis differ from each other?

A
  1. Meiosis - oogenesis produces 1 egg at the end of meiosis while spermatogenesis produces 4 sperm at the end of meiosis.
  2. Interruptions - oogenesis pauses at prophase I in the embryo and then metaphase II at puberty while spermatogenesis has NO pauses
  3. Stops - oogenesis does stop at menopause and spermatogenesis does not stop.
39
Q

What do sex hormones regulate?

A
  1. The development of primary sex characteristics during embryogenesis
  2. The development of secondary sex characteristics at puberty
  3. sexual behavior and sex drive.
40
Q

What hormones does testosterone regulate the production of in males? How?

A

GnRH, FSH, and LH

Through negative feedback

41
Q

What hormone do sertoli cells secrete? What does it do?

A

Inhibin

Acts as negative feedback to the production of FSH and LH

42
Q

What do leydig cells secrete?

A

Testosterone

43
Q

What happens to the endometrium prior to ovulation

?

A

It thickens with blood vessels to prepare for embryo implantation.

44
Q

What happens if an embryo does not plant to the endometrium?

A

Its sheds in a process called menstruation.

45
Q

What are the two cycles of female reproduction?

A
  1. Ovarian cycle
  2. Menstrual cycle (uterine cycle)
46
Q

What are the 3 stages of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. Follicular
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal
47
Q

Describe the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

A
  1. Release of GnRH, then FHS and LH stimulate follicle growth
  2. estradiol levels increase during this phase
48
Q

Describe the ovulation phase of the ovarian cycle.

A

The release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle.

This is in reaction to a surge of LH

49
Q

Describe the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.

A

Progesterone and estradiol are secreted by the corpus luteum to promote the thickening of the endometrium.

50
Q

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle (uterine cycle) and what parts of the ovarian cycle do they correlate with? Describe them.

A
  1. Menstrual flow phase (M) correlates with the growth of new ovarian follicles (O) - this is the shedding of the endometrium.
  2. Proliferative phase (M) correlates with the follicular phase (O) - Thickening of the endometrium.
  3. Secretory phase (M) correlates with the luteal phase (O) - This is the secretion of nutrients.

This cycle restarts if no embryo implants into the endometrium.

51
Q

For those mammals that dont have a menstrual cycle, what is another type of cycle they may have? describe it.

A

Estrous cycle - this is where the uterus reabsorbs the endometrium if there is no pregnancy.

Usually in mammals with estrous cycles copulation only occurs during times of ovulation (estrous or “heat”).

52
Q

What is conception? Where does this occur? What happens immediately after this?

A

This is when the sperm and egg fuse

Happens in the oviduct usually

The now zygote will divide several times and then implant itself in the uterus.

53
Q

How long does pregancy last? What is it divided into?

A

38-40 weeks

\

3 trimetsters

54
Q

What is the placenta? What hormone does the embryo secrete during the first trimester? What is organogenesis and when are all major organs present? When does the heartbeat start?

A

An organ made of trophoblast of embryo and endometrium of mother that contains embryonic and maternal blood vessels that allows nutrient and gas exchange between the 2.

Embryo secretes HCG to maintain progesterone and estradiol levels to prevent menstruation.

Organogeneis is the development of organs, all major organs present at 8 weeks, embryo is called a fetus after this.

Heartbeat occurs after 4 weeks.

55
Q

What are some main points in the second semester?

A

HCG levels decline and placenta begins to make its own progesterone.

Mother can feel baby moving.

56
Q

What is a main point about the third trimester?

A

Organs develop and baby grows.

57
Q

What are the three stages of labor?

A
  1. Dilation: of cervix.
  2. Expulsion: delivery of infant
  3. Delivery: of placenta
58
Q

Look at this hormone chart during labor and understand it. What chemicals stimulate contractions (3)?

A
  1. Estradiol
  2. Oxytocin
  3. Prostaglandins

BIOLOGY 109 TEST #4 (5 decks)

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