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Nervous tissue > nervous system (week 7) > Flashcards

nervous system (week 7) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the CNS (central nervous system) composed of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what is the PNS (peripheral nervous system) composed of?

A

the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia

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3
Q

what is the gray matter composed of?

A

cell bodies of neurons - in the CNS these are called nuclei and in the PNS these are called ganglia

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4
Q

what is the white matter composed of?

A

axons. the white/yellow colour is due to the lipid content of myelin.

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5
Q

what is the afferent division of the CNS?

A

the sensory division of the CNS. Collects information from the internal and external environment for processing in the CNS.

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6
Q

what is the efferent division of the CNS?

A

responsible for relaying information FROM the CNS and generating movement/behaviour

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7
Q

what are the steps involved from stimulus to movement?

A

afferent collects information; integration (the brain processes the information and integrates it with stored information); efferent (the effector organs make an appropriate response)

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8
Q

what are the two divisions of the Efferent nervous system?

A

somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic/visceral (involuntary)

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9
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

voluntary motor responses. continuous axon from CNS to skeletal muscles (No ganglions)

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10
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

involuntary movements. motor axons innervate cardiac and smooth muscle and glands. Important for internal homeostasis. Have ganglions out-with the CNS.

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11
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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12
Q

what are the main features of the sympathetic nervous system during ‘fight or flight’?

A

activates the body under conditions of emergency. Dilates pupils, increases HR and respiratory rates, increases BP and blood glucose levels, dilates the bronchioles of the lungs, induces sweating.

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13
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do under exercise conditions?

A

vasoconstrictions shunts blood from the skin and digestive system to the heart, brain and skeletal muscles.

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14
Q

where do the preganglionic sympathetic neutrons arise from?

A

the lateral horns of T1-L2

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15
Q

what is the purpose of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

conserves body energy and maintains body activities at basal levels - important in homeostasis.

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16
Q

what are the physiological effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

pupillary constriction, glandular secretion, increases digestive tract mobility and smooth muscle activity - leading to elimination of faeces an urine

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17
Q

where do the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system arise from?

A

the brain stem and S2-S4.

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18
Q

how long are the neurons and ganglions which make up the sympathetic nervous system?

A

the sympathetic ganglia are located close to the spinal cord therefore the pre-ganglionic neutron is hotter than the post-ganglionic neuron

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19
Q

what is the difference in length of neurons in a parasympathetic ganglion?

A

in a parasympathetic ganglion, ganglia are located close to the organ they innervate therefore the pre-synaptic fibres are longer than the post-synaptic fibres

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20
Q

what are the three layers of the meninges (which encloses the brain and spinal cord and their blood vessels) - from outermost to innermost?

A

dura, arachnoid and pia

21
Q

what is the dura?

A

the toughest protective layer of the meninges

22
Q

what is the arachnoid layer of the meninges?

A

the middle layer, often attached to the dura. In the Sub-arachnoid space there is CSF.

23
Q

what is the pia layer of the meninges?

A

the deepest layer of the meninges, very closely related to the surface of the brain.

24
Q

what happens when the dura layer splits into two?

A

sinuses arise e.g. the superior sagittal sinus which contains CSF

25
Q

what are arachnoid granulations?

A

extensions of the arachnoid layer which drain CSF into the venous system.

26
Q

what is the purpose of dural partitions in the brain?

A

secure the brain to the skull and prevent movement

27
Q

what is the purpose of the ventricles of the brain?

A

produce and store CSF

28
Q

which part of the ventricles produce CSF?

A

the choroid plexus

29
Q

what are sulci?

A

infoldings of the central hemispheres that form ‘valleys’ between the gyri

30
Q

what are gyri?

A

ridges of the infolded cerebral cortex

31
Q

what lobes does the central sulcus separate?

A

the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe. Also separates the motor and somatosensory areas of the brain.

32
Q

what lobes does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

the frontal/parietal lobes and the temporal lobe

33
Q

what is the corpus callous?

A

white matter connection between left and right hemispheres of the brain

34
Q

what is the internal capsule?

A

part of the brain (white matter) which allows transport of the cell axons to the spinal cord.

35
Q

which parts of the brain receive information from the afferent nervous system?

A

primary somatosensor cortex and primary visual cortex.

36
Q

which parts of the brain are involved in integrating new information with stored information?

A

premotor cortex, somatosensory association area and visual association area.

37
Q

which she of the body is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain (and also send sensory information to the right hemisphere)?

A

The left side. Each hemisphere receives sensory impulses from, and dispatches motor impulses to, the opposite side of the body.

38
Q

If someone if left handed which hemisphere is dominant?

A

right hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is where the specialised areas for language and math skills are located and the non-dominay hemisphere is the centre for visual-spatial skills and creativity.

39
Q

what is Broca’s area?

A

located in the frontal lobe. Motor control of speech; pronunciation of words

40
Q

what is wenicke’s area?

A

area for comprehension and understanding of speech

41
Q

what are the two different divisions of the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus

42
Q

what is the thalamus?

A

major relay station for: sensory impulses sending to sensory cortex; inputs from subcortical motor nuclei and cerebellum travelling to the cerebral motor cortex

43
Q

what is the hypothalamus?

A

important autonomic control centre. Maintains water balance, regulates thirst, eating behaviour, GI activity and body temp. Controls activity of the anterior pituitary gland and encloses the 3rd ventricle

44
Q

what are the different divisions of the brain stem?

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

45
Q

what does the midbrain contain?

A

superior and inferior colliculi (visual and auditory reflex centres); red nucleus (subcortical motor centre); substantial nigra (involved in reward-seeking, motor learning and others) surrounds cerebral aqueduct.

46
Q

what does the pons contain?

A

conduction area (connections between forebrain and cerebellum); nuclei contribute to regulation of respiration as well as hearing and balance

47
Q

what does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

pyramidal decussation (crossing or corticospinal axons) before entering the Spinal cord; vital centres regulating respiratory rhythm, HR, Bp; non-vital centres regulating coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting.

48
Q

cerebellum

A

2 hemispheres marked by convolutions with an internal grey matter nuclei surrounded by white matter and an outer cortex of grey matter. Connects to brain stem by cerebellar peduncles; processes and interprets impulses from motor cortex and sensory pathways and coordinates motor activity for smoot, well-timed movements - important for balance

49
Q

where does the spinal cord extend from?

A

from the foramen magnum to end of L1 vertebra.

Nervous tissue (7 decks)

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