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Physio 201 lab > nervous system week 3 lecture lab > Flashcards

nervous system week 3 lecture lab Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 structures are in the fibrous tunic

A

sclera and cornea

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2
Q

what 3 structures are in the vascular tunic

A

iris, ciliary body, and choroid

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3
Q

what 4 structures are in the sensory tunic

A

retina, optic disk, fovea centralis, macula lutea

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4
Q

what are some somatic senses

A
  • tactile (touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle)
  • thermal
  • pain
  • proprioception
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5
Q

what are visceral senses

A

information about conditions within internal organs

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6
Q

what are some visceral senses

A

pressure, stretch, nausea, hunger and temperature

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of receptor structures

A
  • free nerve endings
  • encapsulated nerve endings
  • separate cells that synapse with neurons
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8
Q

what are the 3 possible location of receptors and origin of activating stimuli

A

exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors

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9
Q

what are the possible types of stimulus

A

mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors

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10
Q

what are the 4 types of tactile receptors

A
  • corpuscles of touch (messier;s corpuscles)
  • hair root plexuses
  • lamellated corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles)
  • type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors (merkel discs)
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11
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of the corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscles)?

A

structure-encapsulated nerve endings

stimuli-touch and pressure

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12
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of hair root plexuses

A

structure-free nerve endings

stimuli- touching hair

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13
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of lamented corpuscles (pacinian corpuscles)?

A

tendons, and muscles
structure- encapsulated nerve endings
stimuli- touch and pressure

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14
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of type 1 cutaneous mechanoreceptors (merkel discs)

A

structure- free nerve endings

stimuli- touch and pressure

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of proprioceptors (specialized mechanoreceptors)?

A

type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors, muscle spindles, tendon organs

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16
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of type 2 cutaneous mechanoreceptors

A

structure: encapsulated nerve endings
stimuli: stretching of digits and limbs

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17
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of muscle spindles

A

structure: encapsulated nerve endings
stimuli: respond to changes in muscle length

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18
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of tendon organs

A

structure: encapsulated nerve endings
stimuli: respond to changes in joint position and movements

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of thermoreceptors

A

warm receptors and cold receptors

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20
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of warm receptors

A

structure: free nerve endings
stimuli: responds to temps 32-48 celsius

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21
Q

what is the structure and stimuli of cold receptors

A

structure: free nerve endings
stimuli: responds to temps between 10 and 40 celsius

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22
Q

what is a nociceptor

A

a pain receptor

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23
Q

what is the, structure and stimuli of nociceptors

A

structure: free nerve endings
stimuli: responds to harmful stmuli

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24
Q

who do touch receptors adapt to constant stimulus

A

by decreasing the number of action potentials they send over time

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25
Q

do areas with a smaller receptive field have greater or lower receptor density

A

greater receptor density

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26
Q

what is an example of a mecahnoreceptor

A

ruffini corpuscle

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27
Q

what two functions does being able to match the same spot in tactile localization require

A

integration and proprioception

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28
Q

the receptive field/ receptor density concept is the same as what

A

the two point discrimination

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29
Q

what is proprioception

A

perception of movement and spatial orientation; the relative position of ones own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement

30
Q

why does a hand in a warm bath of water adapt father than cold

A

because it is closer to body temperature

31
Q

what are dermatomes

A

area of the skin that contains sensory nerves that derive from one single spinal nerve root

32
Q

what are the 31 dermatome segments

A
  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
33
Q

what nerve also feels pain and cold when an elbow is submerged in cold water

A

the ulnar nerve

34
Q

what do analgesics do

A

they block the synthesis of prostaglandin in the body which stimulates nociceptors that make you feel pain

35
Q

how does referred pain arise

A

from the convergence of synaptic inputs in the pain pathway

36
Q

what is another name for the eardrum

A

tympanic membrane

37
Q

what is conduction deafness

A

decreased ability to conduct energy of sound waves through external and middle ear to hearing receptors in inner ear

38
Q

what are some causes of conduction deafness

A

infection, earwax buildup, punctured eardrum, fluid in the middle ear, damage to ossicles

39
Q

what is sensorineural deafness

A

damage to hearing receptors, cochlear branch of vestibulocochlear nerve or dural pathways to auditory cortex

40
Q

what are some causes of sensorineural deafness

A

auditory nerve damage, inner ear hair cell damage, ongoing exposure to loud noises/aging

41
Q

what do you do for the weber test

A
  1. strike the tuning fork and place it in the middle of your forehead
  2. note where the sound is best hear: the left ear, right ear, or both equally
42
Q

what would give you reason to believe you had a sensorineural problem during the weber test

A

if you hear it louder on the side without sensorineural deafness

43
Q

what would lead you to believe you had a problem with air conduction during the weber test

A

if you hear it louder in blocked auditory canal because bone donuts sound better than air

44
Q

what would give you reason to believe you have bilateral deafness during the weber test

A

if you don’t hear it louder on either side but it could be because of deafness in both ears

45
Q

what can mimic unilateral deafness

A

cotton balls

46
Q

in the weber test what does normal sound produce

A

equal sound in both ears

47
Q

during the weber test, if sound is louder in one ear what does that mean

A
  • conduction deafness in the ear that is louder

- sensorineural deafness in the ear that is quieter

48
Q

what does it mean if the sound is louder in the right ear during the weber test

A
  • conduction deafness in right ear

- OR sensorineural deafness in left ear

49
Q

what does the rinne test test for

A

conduction deafness

50
Q

how do you do the rinne test

A
  1. strike the tuning fork and place it on the mastoid process behind the ear that may possibly have conduction deafness and indicated by the weber test
  2. when you can no longer hear the sound, signal to your partner
  3. then move the tuning fork next to your ear canal
  4. when you can no longer hear that sound signal again to your partner
    (your partner should be timing the time it takes for you to stop hearing the sound)
51
Q

in the rinne test what will normal hearing show

A

an air conduction time that is twice as long as the bone conduction time

52
Q

if you have an air conduction time that is twice as long as the bone conduction time what does this indicate

A

snesorineural deafness in other ear

53
Q

if you can’t hear the tuning fork during air conduction what does that mean

A

you may have conductive hearing loss

54
Q

what are the 3 structures in olfactory epithelium

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • olfactory nerves
  • olfactory hairs
55
Q

what do taste buds contain

A

-gustatory cells, gustatory hairs, and supporting cells

56
Q

what are the 5 primary taste sensations

A

sweet, bitter, salty, sour, umami/MSG

57
Q

what do smell temperature and texture contribute to

A

taste

58
Q

what does the iris do

A

separates anterior cavity from posterior cavity

59
Q

what does the choroid do

A

supporting tissue

60
Q

what are the two layers in the sensory tunic ( retina)

A
  • pigmented layer

- neural layer

61
Q

what is normal vision

A

20/20

62
Q

what does the top 20 in 20/20 vision mean

A

you can see certain object at 20 feet

63
Q

what does the bottom number mean in 20/20 vision

A

a person with normal vision can see that same object at 20 feet

64
Q

what is the blind spot test

A

the piece of paper that has a circle on one end and an X on the other end and you move the paper to your side enough just so the X dissapears will show you your blind spot

65
Q

what is the importance of the retina

A

it lines the back of the eye and contains many rods and cones
-transforms light from environment into images and colors we see

66
Q

what happens during retinal detachment

A
  • retina pulls away from the back of the eye

- seperates the retinal cells from the blood vessels that supply them

67
Q

what are the symptoms of retinal detatchment

A
  • appearance of “floaters”-tiny specks that come in and out of vision
  • flashes of light in one or both eyes
  • blurred vision
  • gradually reduced peripheral vision
  • curtain like shadow over vision field
68
Q

what are some causes of retinal detachment

A

rhegmatogenous-caused by tear or hole in retina

  • pressure builds up under retina and displaces it
  • vitreous humor separates from retina but can stick and tear retina
  • tractional- scar tissue grows on retina and pulls it away
69
Q

what are some risk factors of retinal detachment

A
  • aging (50+)
  • previous retinal detachment
  • family history
  • extreme nearsightedness
70
Q

how do doctors diagnose retinal detachment

A
  • doctor uses a retinoscope to look into eye

- ultrasound

71
Q

what are some treatments for retinal tears

A

laser surgery

-freexing

72
Q

what are some treatments fro retinal detachment

A

scleral buckling, vicretomy

Physio 201 lab (14 decks)

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