Nervous System, Vision, Hearing, & Motion

Question 1

What are the three main segments of the nervous system?

Answer 1

1) Central
2) Peripheral
3) Automatic Autonomous or Vegetative

Question 2

Describe the central nervous system.

Answer 2

Consist of brain and spine. Central processing unit and memory. All sensory units are directed here.

Question 3

Describe the peripheral nervous system.

Answer 3

Links spine to rest of body, 12 cranial nerves that connect to organs in head, 31 pairs of spinal nerves connect muscle groups/sensory organs of body

Question 4

Describe the automatic nervous system.

Answer 4

Unconscious operations (breathing, heartbeat, etc.), sympathetic or parasympathetic

Question 5

Describe how the nervous system works.

Answer 5

Electrochemical signals sent from sensory organs and are analyzed by the brain

Question 6

Describe habitation and adaption.

Answer 6

Habitation- keep stimulating until noticeable

Adaption- long term exposure leads to changes

Question 7

What is visual field?

Answer 7

The area that you have input from your eyes (includes peripheral) (normally about 135 degrees 60 up 75 down)

Question 8

What causes the blind spot that everyone has?

Answer 8

The location of the optic nerve.

Question 9

Most mid-air collisions occur in what conditions?

Answer 9

VFR

Question 10

When flying, what is the easiest aircraft to see?

Answer 10

One flying across the visual field.

Question 11

If an airplane is on the intercept course, it will have little to no movement, True or False?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Describe monocular cues for depth perception.

Answer 12

Size, motion parallax (near object appear to be moving), obstruction, texture, linear perspective, apparent foreshortening

Question 13

Describe binocular cues for depth perception.

Answer 13

Convergence- amount eyes move together to focus
Stereopis- overlap between rental images
Accommodation- closer objects make pupil larger

Question 14

How long does it take for adaptation of rods rather than cones (night)?

Answer 14

30-45 min.

Question 15

Describe long sightedness (hypermetropia).

Answer 15

Eye is too short, which leads to things close being blurry. Corrected by convex lens.

Question 16

Describe short sightedness (myopia).

Answer 16

Eye is too long. Opposite of long sightedness. Corrected by concave lens.

Question 17

Describe presbyopia.

Answer 17

The ability for the lens to change to meet the needs of the eye. Lens adjust to see things close. Loss due to age.

Question 18

What is an astigmatism?

Answer 18

When light refraction is unequal within the median (adds distortion to vision).

Question 19

Name the parts of the outer ear.

Answer 19

Ear flap, Ear canal. Used to focus sound.

Question 20

Name the parts of the middle ear.

Answer 20

Auricle, tympanic membrane (ear drum), ossicles (hammer anvil stirrup), eustachian tube

Question 21

Name the parts of the inner ear.

Answer 21

Semi-circular canals, cochlea, auditory nerve

Question 22

What causes conductive deafness?

Answer 22

Infection and trauma to middle and outer ear. Causes temporary hearing loss and has treatment options.

Question 23

What causes sensori-neural deafness?

Answer 23

Long term exposure to noise. Damages auditory nerves, brain, cochlea, and is usually irreversible. NIHL Noise Induced Hearing Loss starts temporary and becomes permanent.

Question 24

Describe what happens in the 120-140 dB range.

Answer 24

120- discomfort.
130- ear pain.
140- ear drum ruptures

Question 25

Is it possible to get hearing loss from 90 dB range?

Answer 25

Yes- long term exposure

Question 26

True or False: Semicircular canals have to do with hearing.

Answer 26

False

Question 27

What are some effective treatments for airsickness?

Answer 27

Scan outside aircraft, fresh air on face, cool individual, recline seat in turbulence, land when practicable