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Nervous System Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

Difference between concentration of a substance in two compartments

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2
Q

How do you calculate the concentration gradient?

A

ION(out) - ION(in)

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3
Q

What is excitability?

A

The ability of a cell to send and receive electrical signals across the plasma membrane

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4
Q

What does it mean to move down the concentration gradient?

A

From high to low concentration

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5
Q

What does it mean to move up the concentration gradient?

A

From low to high concentration

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6
Q

What is electrostatic repulsion?

A

When like charges repel

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7
Q

What is equilibrium potential?

A

There is no net flux (no change in the ion concentration)

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8
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A Rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane

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9
Q

What are the steps of an action potential? (start to finish)

A
  • Na+ gates open allowing Na+ to enter and depolarize the cell.
  • The neuron reaches threshold and an action potential is propagated along the axon.
  • The action potential peaks and Na+ gates close.
  • K+ gates open and K+ exits the cell causing repolarization of the cell.
  • K+ efflux and the Na+/K+ pump cause hyperpolarization of the cell.
  • Natural leaky cells establish resting membrane potential.
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10
Q

What are dendrites?

A

The site of signal input

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11
Q

What is the soma?

A

Cell body

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12
Q

What happens at the axon hillock?

A

Action potential is generated

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13
Q

What is an axon?

A

The long string like part of the neuron that signals are sent down

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14
Q

What is the axon terminal?

A

The site of signal output

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15
Q

What is a synaptic cleft?

A

The gap between two cells filled with interstitial fluid

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16
Q

What is a postsynaptic cell

A

The neuron located after the synapse that receives the signal

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17
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

A change in the electrical potential on the membrane of an excitable cell

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18
Q

What are the three channels present in the axon hillock?

A

K+ voltage gated channels
K+ leak channels
Na+ voltage gated channels

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19
Q

What are the two types of circuits?

A

Converging and diverging

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20
Q

Where does a converging circuit start?

A

A converging circuit starts in the PNS (sensory impulse)

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21
Q

Where does diverging circuit start?

A

Starts in the CNS (motor impulse)

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22
Q

What does a motor tract do?

A

Send signals from CNS to PNS

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23
Q

What does a sensory tract do?

A

Send a signal from PNS to brain (located in CNS)

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24
Q

What are the main two organs of the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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25
Q

What are 90% of the cells in the CNS?

A

Neuroglia

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26
Q

What are 10% of the cells in the CNS?

A

Neurons

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27
Q

What is the CNS supported by?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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28
Q

What is an Axon?

A

Long thread like part of the neuron which impulses are sent from one cell body to another

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29
Q

What is the meninges?

A

A protective structure for the CNS

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30
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges? (superficial to deep)

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid mater
  • Pia mater
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31
Q

What are the qualities of the Dura mater?

A

Thick, strong connective tissue layer

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32
Q

What are the qualities of the Arachnoid mater?

A

Thin, transparent fibrous membrane

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33
Q

What are the qualities of the Pia mater?

A

Delicate connective tissue layer

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34
Q

What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A
  • Homeostatic regulation
  • Support and cushioning
  • Chemical and immunological buffering
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35
Q

What is the function of ventricles?

A
  • Store CSF
  • Provide a continuous flow of CSF between the brain and spinal cord
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36
Q

How does CSF move through the brain?

A

Ventricles

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37
Q

How is CSF produced?

A

Specialized tissues called choroid plexus and ependymal cells

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38
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Tightly regulate the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the brain

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39
Q

What type of cell is a neuron?

A

An excitable cell

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40
Q

What are graded potentials in dendrites called?

A

Synaptic potentials

41
Q

What are the two types of synaptic potentials in dendrites?

A

EPSP and IPSP
- Excitatory
- Inhibitory

42
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A

Regulate the internal environment of the CNS

43
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Create myelin sheath surrounding neurons in the CNS

44
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A
  • Neurotransmitter secretion/absorption
  • Glycogenesis
  • Fluid regulation
  • Release of ATP
45
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

Secrete CSF

46
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A
  • Remove damaged neurons
  • Recognize infectious agents
  • Prevent inflammation
47
Q

What are the main function of the CNS?

A
  • Process external sensory information
  • Integrate information from a wide range of sources
  • Send signals that control tissues in the body
  • Consciousness perception of senses, memory, reason
48
Q

What are three qualities of the spinal cord?

A
  • Long thin tube
  • Carry information to and from the brain
  • Encased in vertebrae and meninges
49
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Locations where the body senses information

50
Q

What are myotomes?

A

Muscle locations around the spinal cord

51
Q

What are gyri?

A

Elevated ridges or hills

52
Q

What are sulci?

A

Small grooves or valleys

53
Q

What are fissures?

A

Deep grooves or canyons

54
Q

What is the function of fibers?

A

Carry information within and between hemispheres

55
Q

What is the function of association fibers?

A

Connect within one cortex

56
Q

What is the function of commissural fibers?

A

Connect two cerebral hemispheres together

57
Q

What is the function of projection fibers?

A

Connect cerebrum to other parts of the CNS and spinal cord

58
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

The relay station between the spinal cord and brain

59
Q

What is the pons?

A

The relay station from medulla to higher cortical structures of the brain

60
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

A nerve pathway of the cerebral hemisphere

61
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Controls BALANCE, eye movements, posture, learning complex movements, planning

62
Q

What are the three parts of the diencephalon?

A

1) Thalamus
2) Epithalamus
3) Hypothalamus

63
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay center in our body

64
Q

What is the function of the epithalamus?

A

Emotional and visceral responses

65
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Regulation of homeostasis

66
Q

What are the three parts of the cerebrum?

A

1) Cerebral cortex
2)Precentral gyrus
3) Postcentral gyrus

67
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Where complex processing information occurs

68
Q

What is the function of the precentral gyrus?

A

Control of voluntary motor movement

69
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

A

Responsible for body awareness

70
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Learning and memory

71
Q

What type of phase is sodium associated with?

A

The depolarization phase

72
Q

What type of phase is potassium associated with?

A

The repolarization phase

73
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Planning, motivation, and social judgement

74
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance and coordination

75
Q

Do different areas of the brain communicate with each other?

A

Yes
- Difference areas of the brain DO communicate with each other

76
Q

What are the three types of nerve fiber tracts?

A

1) Projection fibers
2) Commissural fibers
3) Association fibers

77
Q

What is the function of commissural fibers?

A

Connect right and left hemispheres of the brain

78
Q

What is the function of association fibers?

A

Connectv structures within the same hemisphere

79
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

The emotional part of the brain

80
Q

What is the function of the wernicke area?

A

Spoken and written language

81
Q

What happens in the precentral gyrus?

A

Where motor somatosensory sense begin

82
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tracts?

A

Balance and posture

83
Q

What is the function of reticulospinal tracts?

A

Locomotion and postural control

84
Q

What is the function of rubrospinal tracts?

A

Primarily innervates muscles associated with flexion

85
Q

What does innervate mean?

A

Supply with nerves

86
Q

What are the three parts of a motor pathway?

A

1) Cerebral cortex
2) Spinal Cord
3) Skeletal muscles (or other effector organs)

87
Q

Where do lower motor neurons originate?

A

The ventral horn

88
Q

How do lower motor neurons correspond to different skeletal muscles?

A

They correspond ANATOMICALLY

89
Q

What are the two types of motor neurons?

A

Alpha and gamma

90
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A
  • Communication of neural impulses between neurons
  • Allow for neural impulses to be relayed
91
Q

What is the primary function of the motor cortex?

A

To generate signals to direct the movement of the body

92
Q

What are the components of the motor cortex?

A

1) Primary motor cortex
2) Premotor cortex
3) Supplementary motor area

93
Q

What is the function of the premotor cortex?

A
  • Control muscle responses to visual or sound cues
  • Stores motor memory
94
Q

What is the function of the supplementary motor area?

A

Determine the amount of strength required for muscle movements

95
Q

What is the function of the Primary motor cortex?

A

To generate signals to direct the movement of the body

96
Q

What is the function of the upper motor neurons?

A

Carry the impulses for movement

97
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Adjust motor impulses to ensure muscle movements are precise and accurate

98
Q

What is the function of muscle spindles?

A

Prevent overstretching or stretching too fast

99
Q

What is the function of the golgi tendon organ?

A

The golgi tendon organ tells us how much tension the muscle is exerting

A&P(1) (17 decks)

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