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AFN Anatomy Exam II Review > Nervous System Part I > Flashcards

Nervous System Part I Flashcards

1
Q

Cluster of peripherally located nerve cell bodies

A

Ganglion

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2
Q

Which root of the axons near the spinal chord have the ganglion?

A

Dorsal root

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3
Q

Location of nerve cell bodies for axons bringing sensory info into the spinal cord (CNS)

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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4
Q

There is no ganglion in the _______ root

A

Ventral root

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5
Q

Which root does the sensory input travel through?

A

Dorsal

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6
Q

Which root does the motor/autonomic output travel through?

A

Ventral

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7
Q

Spinal nerves divide to form dorsal/ventral primary ______

A

Rami

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8
Q

Another name for sensory input axons

A

Afferent axons

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9
Q

Type of axons in which nerve impulses flow towards the CNS

A

Afferent axons

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10
Q

Which root do afferent axons make up?

A

Dorsal root

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11
Q

Which root does efferent axons make up?

A

Ventral root

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12
Q

Nerve impulses that flow away from the CNS

A

Efferent

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13
Q

Motor or autonomic axons are ______ axons

A

efferent axons

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14
Q

What’s the difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic - conscious motor control

Autonomic - unconscious motor control (organs)

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15
Q

What would be the official name of the nerve fibers running motor control to your skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic efferent fibers (axons)

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16
Q

Which nerves are heavily myelinated? (somatic or autonomic)

A

Somatic

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17
Q

Does a heavier myelin sheath mean faster conduction or slower?

A

Faster

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18
Q

Which motor fiber system has a preganglionic/postganglionic schema?

A

Autonomic system

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19
Q

Which system supplies motor to the viscera?

A

Autonomic system

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20
Q

What does viscera mean?

A

smooth/cardiac muscle

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21
Q

“rest and digest” system

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

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22
Q

“fight or flight” system

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

Preganglionic axons originate from the _______

A

nucleus

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24
Q

Is the nucleus in the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

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25
Q

Were do postganglionic axons originate from?

A

Ganglions

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26
Q

What’s between the preganglionic axon and the ganglion

A

synapse

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27
Q

Which has a longer preganglionic axon? (sympathetic or parasympathetic)

A

Parasympathetic

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28
Q

Responsible for the integration of the nervous system

A

CNS

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29
Q

What kind of neurons make up the sensory ganglia and fibers?

A

Unipolar neurons

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30
Q

What kind of neurons carry special sensation to the CNS?

A

Bipolar neurons

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31
Q

Type of neuron that makes up motor fibers and internuncials

A

Multipolar neurons

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32
Q

In non-excitable tissue, does resting Vm change?

A

NO

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33
Q

Most common cholinergic neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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34
Q

Most common adrenergic neurotransmitter?

A

Norepi

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35
Q

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

GABA

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36
Q

When several presynaptic axons come together to 1 postsynaptic neuron

A

Convergence

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37
Q

When 1 presynaptic axon connects to 2 postsynaptic neurons

A

Divergence

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38
Q

Synapse between presynaptic axon and dendrites on postsynaptic neuron

A

Axonodendritic synapse

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39
Q

Synapse between presynaptic axon and soma of the postsynaptic neuron

A

Axonosomatic synapse

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40
Q

Synapse between presynaptic axon and axon of the postsynaptic neuron

A

Axonoaxonic synapse

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41
Q

Depolarized region of an axon that is myelinated

A

Node of Ranvier

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42
Q

What type of conduction when impulse skipps across the nodes of ranvier down an axon?

A

Saltatory conduction

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43
Q

Type of cells that provide myelin to neurons in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

44
Q

What type of glial cell provides myelin to the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

45
Q

Name the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

Ependymal cells

46
Q

Non-neuronal cells within the CNS

A

Glial cells

47
Q

Do glial cells carry nerve impulses?

A

No

48
Q

What 2 types of glial cells digest parts of dead neurons (similar to WBCs)

A

Astrocytes

Microglia

49
Q

These types of glial cells are star shaped and hold neurons in place and help form the blood brain barrier via perivascular feet (kinda looks like axon somas smashed against the external vasculature walls)

A

Astrocytes

50
Q

Which type of astrocyte helps form the blood brain barrier and is found in white matter?

A

fibrous astrocytes

51
Q

Which type of astrocyte is found in gray matter?

A

Protoplasmic astrocytes

52
Q

What type of glial cell lines the cavities or ventricles of the CNS

A

Ependymal cells

53
Q

What does rostral mean

A

Towards the front

54
Q

What does cephalic mean

A

toward the head

55
Q

What does caudal mean

A

toward the tail

56
Q

What does ipsilateral mean

A

same side

57
Q

What does contralateral mean

A

opposite side

58
Q

Name the 3 primary pre-natal brain vesicles from top to bottom

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

59
Q

What secondary pre-natal brain vesicles does the prosencephalon turn into?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

60
Q

What secondary pre-natal brain vesicle does the mesencephalon turn into?

A

Mesencephalon (stays the same!)

61
Q

What secondary pre-natal brain vesicles does the rhombencephalon turn into?

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

62
Q

What part of the brain does the telencephalon turn into? (think top to bottom)

A

Cerebrum

63
Q

What part of the brain does the diencephalon turn into?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

64
Q

What part of the brain does the mesencephalon turn into?

A

Midbrain

65
Q

What part of the brain does the metencephalon turn into?

A

Cerebellum

Pons

66
Q

What part of the brain does the Myelenchephalon turn into?

A

Medulla

67
Q

This part of the midbrain receives visual input that initiates a behavioral response (ex. startle response)

It is the 2 superior bumps from the posterior view

A

Superior Colliculi

68
Q

This part of the midbrain controls auditory regulation of sound

It is the 2 inferior bumps from the posterior view

A

Inferior colliculi

69
Q

Fibers that carry information to and from the brainstem and cerebellum (3 sets)

A

Cerebellar peduncles

Superior

Middle

Inferior

70
Q

What makes up the upper portion of the 4th ventricle?

A

Pons

71
Q

What makes up the lower portion of the 4th ventricle?

A

Medulla

72
Q

What part of the brainstem is the facial n. fairly superficial?

A

Facial colliculus

73
Q

Bilateral inferior bumps just medial to the cerebellar peduncles

A

Facial colliculi

74
Q

Bilateral superior bumps just medial to the cerebellar peduncles

A

Medial eminence

75
Q

Dorsal columns carry tactile info upward to the _________

A

Thalamus

76
Q

Which dorsal column connects to the lower extremity pathway?

A

Gracile tubercules

77
Q

Which dorsal column connects to the upper extremity pathway?

A

Cuneate tubercules

78
Q

The official name for the medial dorsal columns of the brainstem

A

Gracile tubercules

79
Q

The official name for the lateral dorsal columns of the brainstem

A

Cuneate tubercules

80
Q

Triangle area that makes up the floor of the 4th ventricle

A

Rhomboid fossa

81
Q

The striae medullaries are fibers of which CN?

A

CN VIII (vestibulocochlear n.)

82
Q

The most inferior point within the 4th ventricle. Makes the inferior tip of the rhomboid fossa

A

Obex

83
Q

Vomiting center (located within the 4th ventricle, and can see it with posterior view of rhomboid fossa)

A

Area Postrema

84
Q

The cerebral peduncles are fiber of the ________ motor system

A

corticospinal

85
Q

What is the start and end point of corticospinal fibers?

A

Cortico - start in cerebral cortex

spinal - end in spinal chord

86
Q

Where do the majority of fibers decussate in the corticospinal motor pathway?

A

Pryramids on the medulla

87
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

cross

88
Q

Where do the rest of the fibers decussate if they didn’t at the pyramids of the medulla?

A

Cervical spinal chord

89
Q

The name of structures similar to gyri on cerebellum

A

Folia

90
Q

Separates the lobes of the cerebellum medially

A

Vermis

91
Q

Bilateral structures on the posterior lobes of the cerebellum

A

Cerebellar tonsils

92
Q

Cerebellum provides _________ motor control

A

ipsilateral

93
Q

The cerebral cortex provides __________ motor control

A

contralateral

94
Q

What does the vermis control? (think about pathways)

A

Equilibrium and balance

*it gets impulses from vestibule

95
Q

Cerebellar lesion = what 3 things

A

Ataxia (unsteady, random movements)

Dysynergia (abrupt movement during voluntary movement)

Dysmetria (finger to nose/heel to shin can’t do it)

96
Q

What part of the brainstem reticular formation regulates awareness level?

A

Ascending portion

97
Q

This part of the brainstem reticular formation receives sensory/activity input and uses it to regulate LOC

A

Ascending portion

98
Q

ADHD results in dysfunction with what part of the brainstem reticular formation?

A

Ascending portion

*fails to filter out “noise” from sensory input

99
Q

The reticular activating system (RAS) is part of the ________ portion of the brainstem reticular formation?

A

Ascending portion

100
Q

Which portion of the brainstem reticular formation regulates muscle tone & is affected by LOC?

A

Descending portion

101
Q

Hypertonia

A

Increased muscle tone

*regulated by descending portion of brainstem reticular formation

102
Q

Hypotonia

A

Decreased muscle tone

*regulated by descending portion of brainstem reticular formation

103
Q

What part of the CNS controls muscles involved in breathing?

A

Medulla

104
Q

What part of the CNS controls rate of breathing?

A

Pons

105
Q

What parts of the CNS contain the respiratory centers?

A

Medulla

Pons

AFN Anatomy Exam II Review (13 decks)

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