Nervous system part 2

Question 1

what is a reflex?

Answer 1

rapid and automatic response triggered by specific stimuli

Question 2

Where does the cervical enlargement innervate?

Answer 2

the shoulder and upper limbs

Question 3

Where does the lumboscaral enlargement innervate?

Answer 3

pelvis and lower limbs

Question 4

What is the conus medullaris?

Answer 4

tapered, conical portion of the spinal cord interior to the lumbar enlargement

Question 5

Where does the adult spinal cord end?

Answer 5

between L1 and L2

Question 6

What is the caudal equina?

Answer 6

A complex of long anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord that resemble a horses tail

Question 7

What is the film terminale

Answer 7

a slender strand of fibrous tissue that extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris to the second sacral vertebra

provides longitudinal support to the spinal cord as a component of the coccygeal ligament

Question 8

What is the posterior median sulcus?

Answer 8

A shallow longitudinal groove on the posterior surface of the spinal cord

Question 9

What is the posterior root?

Answer 9

contains the axons of the neurons whose cell bodies are in the posterior root ganglion

Question 10

What is the posterior root ganglion?

Answer 10

contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons whose axons carry info to the spinal cord

Question 11

What does a spinal nerve contain?

Answer 11

axons of sensory and motor neurons

Question 12

What is the anterior root?

Answer 12

contains the axons of motor neurons that extend into the periphery to control somatic and visceral effectors

Question 13

What is white matter dominated by in the spinal cord?

Answer 13

myelinated axons with few or no neuronal cell bodies

Question 14

What is grey matter dominated by in the spinal cord?

Answer 14

The cell bodies of neurons, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons

Question 15

What do the spinal meninges consist of?

Answer 15

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 16

What is the pia mater?

Answer 16

meshwork of elastic and collagen fibres that is bound to the neural tissue underneath

Question 17

What is the arachnoid mater?

Answer 17

the middle meningeal layer made of simple squamous epithelium (arachnoid membrane), and the subarachnoid

Question 18

What is the dura mater?

Answer 18

outermost covering of the spinal cord– contains dense collagen fibres that go longitudinally

Question 19

What is the subarachnoid space? What is it filled with?

Answer 19

• made of arachnoid trabeculae, a network of collagen and elastic fibres that attaches the arachnoid mater to the pia mater
• cerebral spinal fluid

Question 20

What is the epidural space filled with? where is it located?

Answer 20

• areolar tissue, blood vessels, adipose tissue

- between dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal

Question 21

What is the function of denticulate ligaments?

Answer 21

• prevents lateral movement of the spinal cord

Question 22

What does the anterior, posterior and lateral gray horns of the spinal cord consist of?

Answer 22

anterior: somatic motor nuclei
posterior: somatic and visceral sensory nuclei
lateral: visceral motor nuclei (only in thoracic/lumbar)

Question 23

What are gray commissures?

Answer 23

anterior/posterior sections of gray matter around the central canal
- axons that cross from one side of the cord to the other before they reach a destination in the gray matter

Question 24

How is white matter organized?

Answer 24

it is divided into three regions called columns (posterior white, lateral white, and anterior white)
- the columns contain tracts

Question 25

Which direction do ascending and descending trans convey motor commands?

Answer 25

ascending: sensory information does towards the brain
descending: motor commands go to the spinal cord

Question 26

What is the facilitation of motor neurons involved in reflexes called?

Answer 26

reinforcement

Question 27

What is the procedure for the Babinski reflex?

Answer 27

stroking an infant’s foot on the lateral side of the sole to make the hallux extend and other toes fan out

Question 28

What is the procedure for the plantar reflex?

Answer 28

stroking an adult’s foot on the lateral side of the sole to make the toes curl

Question 29

what is the abdominal reflex?

Answer 29

stroke the skin of the abdomen causes contractions of abdominal muscles that pull navel towards the stimulus